{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T03:05:38Z","timestamp":1788231938940,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Offenders who pose a risk of harm and whose convictions are linked to substance use can be mandated to undergo treatment in forensic psychiatric hospitals under Section 64 StGB of the German Penal Code (Strafsgesetzbuch; StGB), if there are reasonable prospects that treatment might be successful. Relapses during treatment is a common occurrence in patients with substance use disorders but little is known about the frequencies of such events in a forensic setting.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to determine the prevalence of relapse among patients who undergo treatment under \u00a7 64 StGB, identify substances involved and possible predictive factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>We utilized data over the span of two years from 108 patients who were admitted to the Clinic of Forensic Psychiatry in Rostock, Germany, between 2019 and 2021.We used descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. A relapse was defined as a positive laboratory test for illicit drugs or alcohol, admission of relapsing or a declined test (i. e. the patient did not consent to the test).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found that 65.7% of the patients relapsed within the initial two-year period of stay. Cannabinoids were the most commonly consumed substances. Factors such as age, education level, comorbidity, number of previous convictions, duration of stay and type of substance used did not significantly affect relapse rates. Results are limited by a small sample size.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>A high relapse rate is still a reality of forensic addiction treatment. Static factors alone might only have a small predictive value for substance relapses and are not sufficient to fully predict individual risk. Therefore our findings show a need to focus on dynamic factors that affect consumption relapse rates. Considering the findings of this research, future studies should investigate dynamic factors of the patient\u2019s substance use behavior during treatment as a whole (e.g. reason for relapsing, choice of drug etc.), identify and investigate other factors affecting relapse rate and uncover possible treatment interventions that might reduce relapse rates, dropout rates and criminal recidivism.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1663413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T05:29:30Z","timestamp":1760678970000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence of alcohol and substance use relapse in forensic inpatients with substance use disorders in Germany"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Seyma","family":"D\u00fcger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Finn","family":"S\u00f6rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgit","family":"V\u00f6llm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"225","article-title":"\u00dcberlastet, \u00fcberfordert, \u00fcberbelegt Und der Wunsch nach \u201cdem guten Patienten","volume":"40","author":"Berthold","year":"2022","journal-title":"Recht Psychiatr"},{"key":"B2","volume-title":"Basiswissen: ma\u00dfregelvollzug","author":"Schaumburg","year":"2010"},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"Abschlussbericht vom 22.11.2021\n          \n          2021"},{"key":"B4","first-page":"24","article-title":"Abbrecher und Patienten mit Abbruchwunsch","volume":"41","author":"Scheuschner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Recht Psychiatr"},{"key":"B5","article-title":"Suchtbehandlung im Ma\u00dfregelvollzug: Narrativer Review","volume":"23","author":"V\u00f6llm","year":"2021","journal-title":"Suchtmedizin"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11757-024-00833-8","article-title":"Die Novellierung des \u00a7 64 StGB \u2013 Vorschl\u00e4ge zur Anwendung aus rechts- und erfahrungswissenschaftlicher Sicht","volume":"18","author":"St\u00fcbner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Forens Psychiatr Psychol Kriminol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1217561","article-title":"Mandatory substance use treatment for justice-involved persons in Germany: a systematic review of reoffending, treatment and the recurrence of substance use outcomes","volume":"14","author":"Tomlin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B8","volume-title":"Ma\u00dfregelvollzug in Nordrhein-Westfalen Zur Unterbringung und Behandlung alkoholabh\u00e4ngiger Straft\u00e4ter: Institut F\u00fcr Forensische Psychiatrie Der Universit\u00e4t- GH- Essen","author":"Schalast","year":"1992"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001150050461","article-title":"Drogenabh\u00e4ngige straft\u00e4ter im ma\u00dfregelvollzug","volume":"70","author":"Seifert","year":"1999","journal-title":"Der Nervenarzt"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/suc.2000.46.2.111","article-title":"R\u00fcckf\u00e4lle w\u00e4hrend der Behandlung im Ma\u00dfregelvollzug gem\u00e4\u00df \u00a7 64 StGB","volume":"46","author":"Schalast","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sucht"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-09788-5","volume-title":"R\u00fcckfallpr\u00e4vention mit Alkoholabh\u00e4ngigen","author":"K\u00f6rkel","year":"2003"},{"key":"B12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Erfassung von forensischen Patienten (\u00a7 64 StGB) unter besonderer Ber\u00fccksichtigung der Psychopathy Checklist nach Hare (PCL-R)","volume-title":"Institut f\u00fcr Forensische Psychiatrie Der Medizinischen Fakult\u00e4t Charit\u00e9","author":"Berger","year":"2010"},{"key":"B13","unstructured":"Knecht\n              G\n            \n            \n              Cla\u00dfen\n              A\n            \n          \n          Good Practice\u2019 am Beispiel Hamburg; Therapieverlauf, Behandlung. 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