{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T13:07:29Z","timestamp":1774271249182,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Complex post-traumatic stress disorder (cPTSD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD) share overlapping clinical features, complicating accurate diagnosis and treatment. This overlap has fueled ongoing discussions regarding whether cPTSD and BPD should be considered as distinct diagnostic categories. To contribute to this debate, the current study aimed to clarify symptomatic similarities and differences between cPTSD and BPD using psychometric assessments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      97 female participants were recruited, including 34 patients with cPTSD, 25 with BPD and 38 healthy controls. All participants completed a battery of validated psychometric instruments assessing depression, anxiety, difficulties in emotion regulation, psychodynamic dysfunction, guilt-related distress, health-related functioning, as well as trauma-related symptoms and borderline personality traits. Differences between groups were analyzed using one-way ANOVAs, followed by\n                      <jats:italic>post-hoc<\/jats:italic>\n                      comparisons.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with cPTSD reported significantly higher levels of trauma exposure, posttraumatic symptom severity, dissociative symptoms, affective symptoms and functional impairment compared to both BPD patients and healthy controls. In contrast, no significant differences were found between cPTSD and BPD in borderline symptom severity, anxiety, difficulties in emotion regulation, guilt-related distress and psychodynamic dysfunction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results highlight trauma-related symptoms as key differentiators between cPTSD and BPD, supporting the conceptualization of cPTSD as a distinct disorder. However, as ICD-11 specific diagnostic instruments were not applied, the findings should be interpreted with appropriate caution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1668821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T09:33:08Z","timestamp":1761816788000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Beyond diagnosis: symptom patterns across complex PTSD and borderline personality disorder"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Joe J.","family":"Simon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Spiegler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kadiatou","family":"Coulibaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marion A.","family":"Stopyra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans-Christoph","family":"Friederich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Gruber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Nikendei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717000708","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder in the World Mental Health Surveys","volume":"47","author":"Koenen","year":"2017","journal-title":"psychol Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.09.001","article-title":"A review of current evidence regarding the ICD-11 proposals for diagnosing PTSD and complex PTSD","volume":"58","author":"Brewin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v5.25097","article-title":"Distinguishing PTSD, Complex PTSD, and Borderline Personality Disorder: A latent class analysis","volume":"5","author":"Cloitre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000346","article-title":"Differentiating symptom profiles of ICD-11 PTSD, complex PTSD, and borderline personality disorder: A latent class analysis in a multiply traumatized sample","volume":"11","author":"Jowett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pers Disord"},{"key":"B5","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5","year":"2013"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s40479-021-00155-9","article-title":"Complex PTSD and borderline personality disorder","volume":"8","author":"Ford","year":"2021","journal-title":"Borderline Pers Disord Emot Dysregul"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2023.80","article-title":"Distinguishing between ICD-11 complex post-traumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder: clinical guide and recommendations for future research","volume":"223","author":"Karatzias","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1039856217700284","article-title":"Complex PTSD \u2013 a better description for borderline personality disorder","volume":"25","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Australas Psychiatry"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10673220903271848","article-title":"Borderline personality or complex posttraumatic stress disorder? 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