{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T16:19:08Z","timestamp":1793117948836,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The etiology of psychiatric disorders is complex, involving both genetic and environmental factors with emerging evidence suggesting that epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA regulation, significantly contribute to mental health. The epigenome influences the development of psychiatric disorders and human behavior and may be considered in clinical observations. Epigenetic changes have been well-established in\n                    <jats:italic>BDNF<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>COMT<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>FKBP5<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>NR3C1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>SLC6A4<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>DRD2<\/jats:italic>\n                    , genes associated with psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BP), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Therefore, these epigenetic marks have the potential to be suitable biomarkers for diagnostics, as predictors of prognosis, and for the development of personalized treatments. By exploring the role of clinically relevant epigenetic genes, we review the role of the epigenome in the context of psychiatric disorders and human behavior; and we consider that these changes may be observed in the context of precision psychiatry. This review synthesizes findings from over 100 original research articles and reviews spanning a range of clinical studies. Despite promising associations, challenges in the onset of precision psychiatry, such as tissue heterogeneity, small sample sizes, and lack of replication, are likely to limit translation into clinical practice. Future research in precision psychiatry will help identify clinically actionable epigenetic biomarkers, ushering in an era of genomic medicine in psychiatry.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1671122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T11:27:34Z","timestamp":1761737254000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The clinical use of epigenetics in psychiatry: a narrative review of epigenetic mechanisms, key candidate genes, and precision psychiatry"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Rachel","family":"Montel Hayes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher E.","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John J.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2647","article-title":"Animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"13","author":"Nestler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.11.022","article-title":"Effects of the social environment and stress on glucocorticoid receptor gene methylation: A systematic review","volume":"79","author":"Turecki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyw058","article-title":"Making sense of epigenetics","volume":"19","author":"Schuebel","year":"2016","journal-title":"IJNPPY"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2010.02.005","article-title":"Epigenetic mechanisms underlying human epileptic disorders and the process of epileptogenesis","volume":"39","author":"Qureshi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol Disease"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.05.036","article-title":"Epigenetics of stress-related psychiatric disorders and gene \u00d7 Environment interactions","volume":"86","author":"Klengel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2019.00040","article-title":"Environmental programming of susceptibility and resilience to stress in adulthood in male mice","volume":"13","author":"Pe\u00f1a","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1089","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of gene expression: how the genome integrates intrinsic and environmental signals","volume":"33","author":"Jaenisch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2012.112","article-title":"DNA methylation and its basic function","volume":"38","author":"Moore","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.947102","article-title":"DNA methylation patterns and epigenetic memory","volume":"16","author":"Bird","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2270","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human brain associates with childhood abuse","volume":"12","author":"McGowan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2540","article-title":"Linking DNA methylation and histone modification: patterns and paradigms","volume":"10","author":"Cedar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2013.01.001","article-title":"Epigenetic mechanisms of drug addiction","volume":"23","author":"Feng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiology"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0601-8","article-title":"BDNF genetic variants and methylation: effects on cognition in major depressive disorder","volume":"9","author":"Ferrer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2011.60","article-title":"Increased methylation of glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) in adults with a history of childhood maltreatment: a link with the severity and type of trauma","volume":"1","author":"Perroud","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605221100345","article-title":"Association between CpG island DNA methylation in the promoter region of RELN and positive and negative types of schizophrenia","volume":"50","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.05.020","article-title":"Epigenetic modulation of BDNF gene: Differences in DNA methylation between unipolar and bipolar patients","volume":"166","author":"Dell\u05f3Osso","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-019-01007-y","article-title":"Longitudinal multi-level biomarker analysis of BDNF in major depression and bipolar disorder","volume":"270","author":"Schr\u00f6ter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.1.4.3514","article-title":"Reduced meCP2 expression is frequent in autism frontal cortex and correlates with aberrant MECP2 promoter methylation","volume":"1","author":"Nagarajan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.108","article-title":"Increased OPRM1 DNA methylation in lymphocytes of methadone-maintained former heroin addicts","volume":"34","author":"Nielsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jhg.2012.98","article-title":"Hypermethylation of OPRM1 promoter region in European Americans with alcohol dependence","volume":"57","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Hum Genet"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.02.005","article-title":"Chromatin modifications and their function","volume":"128","author":"Kouzarides","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2009.01.005","article-title":"Histone acetylation in drug addiction","volume":"20","author":"Renthal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2020.9073","article-title":"Protein acetylation and deacetylation: An important regulatory modification in gene transcription (Review)","volume":"20","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3173","article-title":"Histone methylation: a dynamic mark in health, disease and inheritance","volume":"13","author":"Greer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.21975","article-title":"Histone phosphorylation: A chromatin modification involved in diverse nuclear events","volume":"7","author":"Rossetto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/epi.15.39","article-title":"Methyl-cpG-binding domain proteins: readers of the epigenome","volume":"7","author":"Du","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.109.061333","article-title":"Is there a future for histone deacetylase inhibitors in the pharmacotherapy of psychiatric disorders","volume":"77","author":"Grayson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1758-09.2009","article-title":"Antidepressant actions of histone deacetylase inhibitors","volume":"29","author":"Covington","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(04)00045-5","article-title":"MicroRNAs","volume":"116","author":"Bartel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2843","article-title":"The widespread regulation of microRNA biogenesis, function and decay","volume":"11","author":"Krol","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2012.01.004","article-title":"MicroRNAs in neuronal function and dysfunction","volume":"35","author":"Im","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Neurosciences"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.940","article-title":"The Schizophrenia Psychiatric Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) Consortium. Genome-wide association study identifies five new schizophrenia loci","volume":"43","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.150","article-title":"MiR-137: an important player in neural development and neoplastic transformation","volume":"22","author":"Ripke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2024.104025","article-title":"MicroRNA-124 influenced depressive symptoms via large-scale brain connectivity in major depressive disorder patients","volume":"95","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.11.090","article-title":"Changes in miRNA-132 and miR-124 levels in non-treated and citalopram-treated patients with depression","volume":"227","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.04.126","article-title":"Peripheral blood miR-16-5p as a potential biomarker for distinguishing unmedicated bipolar disorder type II from major depressive disorder","volume":"382","author":"Ni","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2015.05.007","article-title":"Alterations of miR-132 are novel diagnostic biomarkers in peripheral blood of schizophrenia patients","volume":"63","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.05.042","article-title":"MicroRNA 135 is essential for chronic stress resiliency, antidepressant efficacy, and intact serotonergic activity","volume":"83","author":"Issler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2017.26","article-title":"Mechanisms of action and regulation of ATP-dependent chromatin-remodelling complexes","volume":"18","author":"Clapier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2011.32","article-title":"ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling: genetics, genomics and mechanisms","volume":"21","author":"Hargreaves","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08911","article-title":"Chromatin remodelling during development","volume":"463","author":"Ho","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11011","article-title":"Patterns and rates of exonic de novo mutations in autism spectrum disorders","volume":"485","author":"Neale","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2287","article-title":"Genome-wide epigenetic regulation by early-life trauma","volume":"69","author":"Labont\u00e9","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3646","article-title":"Lineage-specific and single-cell chromatin accessibility charts human hematopoiesis and leukemia evolution","volume":"48","author":"Corces","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-44742-0","article-title":"Leveraging single-cell ATAC-seq and RNA-seq to identify disease-critical fetal and adult brain cell types","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/141986","article-title":"Evaluation of chromatin accessibility in prefrontal cortex of schizophrenia cases and controls","volume":"9","author":"Bryois","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.858427","article-title":"Glucocorticoid receptor-regulated enhancers play a central role in the gene regulatory networks underlying drug addiction","volume":"16","author":"Duttke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-022-01497-w","article-title":"FKBP5 inhibitors modulate alcohol drinking and trauma-related behaviors in a model of comorbid post-traumatic stress and alcohol use disorder","volume":"48","author":"Cruz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3142","article-title":"Epigenetics and the environment: emerging patterns and implications","volume":"13","author":"Feil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.23.15.5293-5300.2003","article-title":"Transposable elements: targets for early nutritional effects on epigenetic gene regulation","volume":"23","author":"Waterland","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2010.07508.x","article-title":"Exercise impacts brain-derived neurotrophic factor plasticity by engaging mechanisms of epigenetic regulation","volume":"33","author":"Gomez-Pinilla","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-013-1417-x","article-title":"Environmental exposure and mitochondrial epigenetics: study design and analytical challenges","volume":"133","author":"Byun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1408355111","article-title":"DNA methylation of BDNF as a biomarker of early-life adversity","volume":"112","author":"Kundakovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/epi.12.58","article-title":"Epigenetics of early-life lead exposure and effects on brain development","volume":"4","author":"Senut","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2019.100648","article-title":"Epigenetic modification of the oxytocin receptor gene is associated with emotion processing in the infant brain","volume":"37","author":"Krol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2013.00118","article-title":"Epigenetic biomarkers as predictors and correlates of symptom improvement following psychotherapy in combat veterans with PTSD","volume":"4","author":"Yehuda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1801609115","article-title":"Acetyl-L-carnitine deficiency in patients with major depressive disorder","volume":"115","author":"Nasca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08977190410001723308","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor","volume":"22","author":"Binder","year":"2004","journal-title":"Growth Factors"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470751251.ch10","article-title":"Cell biology of BDNF and its relevance to schizophrenia","volume":"289","author":"Lu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Novartis Found Symp"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)00035-7","article-title":"The BDNF val66met polymorphism affects activity-dependent secretion of BDNF and human memory and hippocampal function","volume":"112","author":"Egan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1786-08.2008","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of bdnf gene transcription in the consolidation of fear memory","volume":"28","author":"Lubin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.9","article-title":"Increased BDNF promoter methylation in the wernicke area of suicide subjects","volume":"67","author":"Keller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23881","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023881","article-title":"DNA methylation profiles of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene as a potent diagnostic biomarker in major depression","volume":"6","author":"Fuchikami","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-014-1336-6","article-title":"BDNF serum levels and promoter methylation of BDNF exon I, IV and VI in depressed patients receiving electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"122","author":"Kleimann","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2011.03.002","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor as a state-marker of mood episodes in bipolar disorders: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis","volume":"45","author":"Sim\u00f5es Fernandes","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601279103","article-title":"Reelin expression and glycosylation patterns are altered in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"103","author":"Botella-L\u00f3pez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.04.077","article-title":"Genome-wide DNA methylation in suicide victims revealing impact on gene expression","volume":"253","author":"Kouter","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.8.804","article-title":"Altered gene expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and receptor tyrosine kinase B in postmortem brain of suicide subjects","volume":"60","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0589-04.2004","article-title":"Histone Modifications at Gene Promoter Regions in Rat Hippocampus after Acute and Chronic Electroconvulsive Seizures","volume":"24","author":"Tsankova","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.06.036","article-title":"Antidepressant-like effects of the histone deacetylase inhibitor, sodium butyrate, in the mouse","volume":"62","author":"Schroeder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09271","article-title":"A novel pathway regulates memory and plasticity via SIRT1 and miR-134","volume":"466","author":"Gao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(24)01423-6","article-title":"Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT): biochemistry, molecular biology, pharmacology, and clinical efficacy of the new selective COMT inhibitors","volume":"51","author":"M\u00e4nnist\u00f6","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/425589","article-title":"Functional analysis of genetic variation in catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT): effects on mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity in postmortem human brain","volume":"75","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddl253","article-title":"Hypomethylation of MB-COMT promoter is a major risk factor for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder","volume":"15","author":"Abdolmaleky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2017.133","article-title":"Serotonin transporter gene promoter methylation status correlates with in vivo prefrontal 5-HTT availability and reward function in human obesity","volume":"7","author":"Drabe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2011.06.013","article-title":"DNA hypomethylation of MB-COMT promoter in the DNA derived from saliva in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder","volume":"45","author":"Nohesara","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-199606000-00007","article-title":"Human catechol-O-methyltransferase pharmacogenetics: description of a functional polymorphism and its potential application to neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"6","author":"Lachman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pharmacogenetics"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11111726","article-title":"Dynamic DNA methylation changes in the COMT gene promoter region in response to mental stress and its modulation by transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"11","author":"Wiegand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2013.00030","article-title":"Differential genetic and epigenetic regulation of catechol-O-methyltransferase is associated with impaired fear inhibition in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"7","author":"Norrholm","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2010.00016","article-title":"Determination of methylated cpG sites in the promoter region of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and their involvement in the etiology of tobacco smoking","volume":"1","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gbb.12147","article-title":"Catechol-O-methyltransferase gene methylation and substance use in adolescents: the TRAILS study","volume":"13","author":"Van Der Knaap","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genes Brain Behavior"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4181","article-title":"Mapping DNA methylation across development, genotype and schizophrenia in the human frontal cortex","volume":"19","author":"Jaffe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.235","article-title":"Gene\u2013stress\u2013epigenetic regulation of FKBP5: clinical and translational implications","volume":"41","author":"Zannas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2009.05.021","article-title":"The role of FKBP5, a co-chaperone of the glucocorticoid receptor in the pathogenesis and therapy of affective and anxiety disorders","volume":"34","author":"Binder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3275","article-title":"Allele-specific FKBP5 DNA demethylation mediates gene\u2013childhood trauma interactions","volume":"16","author":"Klengel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2014.208","article-title":"FKBP5 allele-specific epigenetic modification in gene by environment interaction","volume":"40","author":"Klengel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2022.100475","article-title":"An allostatic epigenetic memory on chromatin footprints after double-hit acute stress","volume":"20","author":"Caradonna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiol Stress"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22105157","article-title":"Dysregulation of miR-15a-5p, miR-497a-5p and miR-511-5p Is Associated with Modulation of BDNF and FKBP5 in Brain Areas of PTSD-Related Susceptible and Resilient Mice","volume":"22","author":"Maurel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyu087","article-title":"FKBP5 genotype-dependent DNA methylation and mRNA regulation after psychosocial stress in remitted depression and healthy controls","volume":"18","author":"H\u00f6hne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.331","article-title":"Dexamethasone stimulated gene expression in peripheral blood is a sensitive marker for glucocorticoid receptor resistance in depressed patients","volume":"37","author":"Menke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2023.106404","article-title":"Sex-dependent association of DNA methylation of HPA axis-related gene FKBP5 with obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"158","author":"Seo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-05704-4","article-title":"Effects of antidepressant on FKBP51 mRNA expression and neuroendocrine hormones in patients with panic disorder","volume":"24","author":"Zou","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32650","article-title":"DNA methylation of FKBP5 and response to exposure-based psychological therapy","volume":"180","author":"Roberts","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet Pt B"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00418","article-title":"Methylation of FKBP5 and SLC6A4 in relation to treatment response to mindfulness based stress reduction for posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"9","author":"Bishop","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.09.007","article-title":"The biology of the glucocorticoid receptor: New signaling mechanisms in health and disease","volume":"132","author":"Oakley","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.06.028","article-title":"The brain on stress: vulnerability and plasticity of the prefrontal cortex over the life course","volume":"79","author":"McEwen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.05.016","article-title":"Glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) methylation processes as mediators of early adversity in stress-related disorders causality: A critical review","volume":"55","author":"Palma-Gudiel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e30148","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030148","article-title":"Childhood adversity and epigenetic modulation of the leukocyte glucocorticoid receptor: preliminary findings in healthy adults","volume":"7","author":"Tyrka","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.12.025","article-title":"Child abuse, depression, and methylation in genes involved with stress, neural plasticity, and brain circuitry","volume":"53","author":"Tyrka","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5292.1527","article-title":"Association of anxiety-related traits with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region","volume":"274","author":"Lesch","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1964","article-title":"Long story short: the serotonin transporter in emotion regulation and social cognition","volume":"10","author":"Canli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1071829","article-title":"Serotonin transporter genetic variation and the response of the human amygdala","volume":"297","author":"Hariri","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0119061","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119061","article-title":"DNA methylation of the serotonin transporter gene in peripheral cells and stress-related changes in hippocampal volume: A study in depressed patients and healthy controls","volume":"10","author":"Booij","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.05.008","article-title":"Methylation matters: interaction between methylation density and serotonin transporter genotype predicts unresolved loss or trauma","volume":"68","author":"Van IJzendoorn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2013.01.006","article-title":"Association of SLC6A4 methylation with early adversity, characteristics and outcomes in depression","volume":"44","author":"Kang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2014.02.002","article-title":"The potential of SLC6A4 gene methylation analysis for the diagnosis and treatment of major depression","volume":"53","author":"Okada","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2534-08.2008","article-title":"A link between serotonin-related gene polymorphisms, amygdala activity, and placebo-induced relief from social anxiety","volume":"28","author":"Furmark","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-0710-4","article-title":"Large epigenome-wide association study of childhood ADHD identifies peripheral DNA methylation associated with disease and polygenic risk burden","volume":"10","author":"Mooney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.110.002642","article-title":"The physiology, signaling, and pharmacology of dopamine receptors","volume":"63","author":"Beaulieu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1998.78.1.189","article-title":"Dopamine receptors: from structure to function","volume":"78","author":"Missale","year":"1998","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0107","article-title":"Overlapping neuronal circuits in addiction and obesity: evidence of systems pathology","volume":"363","author":"Volkow","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phil Trans R Soc B"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/35041572","article-title":"Distinct functions of the two isoforms of dopamine D2 receptors","volume":"408","author":"Usiello","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.20142","article-title":"Methylomics in psychiatry: Modulation of gene\u2013environment interactions may be through DNA methylation","author":"Abdolmaleky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet Pt B"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddw373","article-title":"Schizophrenia-associated methylomic variation: molecular signatures of disease and polygenic risk burden across multiple brain regions","volume":"26","author":"Viana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.535203","article-title":"MicroRNA-9 and microRNA-326 regulate human dopamine D2 receptor expression, and the microRNA-mediated expression regulation is altered by a genetic variant","volume":"289","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbp006","article-title":"The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: version III\u2013the final common pathway","volume":"35","author":"Howes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Schizophr Bulletin"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.60.110707.163625","article-title":"Epigenetics and the environmental regulation of the genome and its function","volume":"61","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs.12.94","article-title":"Epigenetics of drug abuse: predisposition or response","volume":"13","author":"Nielsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-010-0090-z","article-title":"Molecular genetics of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: an overview","volume":"19","author":"Suderman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2132","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation in psychiatric disorders","volume":"8","author":"Tsankova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2004.06.031","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of drug addiction","volume":"47","author":"Nestler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2012.00039","article-title":"The emerging role of microRNAs in schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders","volume":"3","author":"Mellios","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2012.06.013","article-title":"Blood microRNA changes in depressed patients during antidepressant treatment","volume":"23","author":"Bocchio-Chiavetto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-02076-9","article-title":"Cell-type-specific epigenetic effects of early life stress on the brain","volume":"12","author":"Rahman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.08.056","article-title":"Editing DNA methylation in the mammalian genome","volume":"167","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3630","article-title":"Highly specific epigenome editing by CRISPR-Cas9 repressors for silencing of distal regulatory elements","volume":"12","author":"Thakore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2014.09.001","article-title":"The effects of early life stress on the epigenome: From the womb to adulthood and even before","volume":"268","author":"Proven\u00e7al","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Neurology"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2018.100144","article-title":"Child maltreatment and the development of substance use and disorder","volume":"10","author":"Cicchetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol Stress"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/epi-2022-0246","article-title":"Evaluation of DNA methylation in BDNF, SLC6A4, NR3C1 and FKBP5 before and after treatment with selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor in major depressive disorder","volume":"14","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0503736102","article-title":"Reelin promoter hypermethylation in schizophrenia","volume":"102","author":"Grayson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1671122\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T11:27:36Z","timestamp":1761737256000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1671122\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"references-count":130,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1671122"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1671122","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"article-number":"1671122"}}