{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T06:01:45Z","timestamp":1785132105431,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n Postpartum depression (PPD) is a significant public health concern. Moreover, research suggests that American Indian\/Alaskan Native (AI\/AN) mothers experience postpartum depression at higher rates than the general population (Heck, 2021; Ko et al., 2017). As a result, understanding the potential causes of higher PPD among AI\/AN mothers is helpful to the development of better interventions to reduce PPD among AI\/AN mothers. A potential cause of higher PPD symptoms among AI\/AN mothers is historical trauma (HT). HT refers to the cumulative psychological wounding experienced across generations due to systemic oppression, colonization, slavery, and other traumatic events experienced by a group of individuals.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n To test the theorized relationships between HT and PPD symptoms, we conducted an online survey of adult women who both identified as Indigenous and who give birth in the past five years (N = 56). The survey consisted of the psychometrically suitable measures of the Historical Loss Scale (HLS: Whitbeck at al, 2004) and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS; Cox et al., 1987). .<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The results indicated that a model of HLS scores as a predictor of PPD symptoms over and above the controls of income, mental health diagnosis, and the total number of children of the birth mother fit the data well (\n \u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n = 13.60;\n df<\/jats:italic>\n = 10;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = .192; RMSEA = .081 [90% CI: .000, .178]; CFI = .949). Moreover, of all the predictors, the dimension of the HLS measuring mothers\u2019 endorsement of the presence of oppressive governmental and institutional policies toward AI\/AN was the strongest predictor of greater PPD (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n = .28,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n &lt; .05). A Bollen Stine bootstrap test was also used to confirm the stability of the model. The Bollen Stine operates by comparing the theorized model to a model that perfectly fits the data. The results of the Bollen Stine test indicated that the theorized model was not significantly different than a model of perfect fit. .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Discussion<\/jats:title>\n Such results suggest that a potential explanation of higher PPD symptoms among AI\/AN mothers is the effects of HT. Future interventions to reduce PPD symptoms among AI\/AN mothers may benefit from an additional focus on treating HT.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1638586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T05:40:34Z","timestamp":1785130834000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Historical trauma as a contributor to postpartum depression among Indigenous mothers"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"December","family":"Maxwell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anne and Henry Zarrow School of Social Work, The University of Oklahoma","place":["Norman, OK, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ric Thomas","family":"Munoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anne and Henry Zarrow School of Social Work, The University of Oklahoma","place":["Norman, OK, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2011.628913","article-title":"Historical trauma among Indigenous peoples of the Americas: concepts, research, and clinical considerations","volume":"43","author":"Heart","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Psychoact Drugs"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15332985.2020.1769003","article-title":"Wearing a happy mask: mother\u2019s expressions of suicidality with postpartum depression","volume":"18","author":"Praetorius","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc Work Ment Health"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1097\/NMC.0000000000000671","article-title":"Postpartum depression in American Indian\/Alaska Native women: a scoping review","volume":"46","author":"Heck","year":"2021","journal-title":"MCN: Am J Maternal\/Child Nurs"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6606a1","article-title":"Trends in postpartum depressive symptoms","volume":"66","author":"Ko","year":"2017","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. 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