{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T05:56:21Z","timestamp":1776405381619,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A machine learning approach to identify a multidimensional signature associated with relapse and long-term outcome in alcohol dependence treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this observational naturalistic study, inpatients with alcohol dependence received qualified detoxification plus CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy) and were followed up 6-months after discharge to assess abstinence and drinking behavior. Cross-validated multivariate sparse partial least squares analysis (SPLS) was used to investigate the relationship between clinical features and four long-term outcome variables.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Germany.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>152 patients (on average 47.8 years old, 72% male) with alcohol dependence, who received inpatient qualified detoxification plus CBT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>35 clinical features were used to cover all three phases of inpatient treatment (pre-, within-, post-treatment). Among these, sociodemographic characteristics, ICD-10 psychiatric diagnoses, previous detoxification treatments, and somatic measurements as well as inpatient treatment setting such as withdrawal medication, liver ultrasound, further information about the patients\u00b4 stay, and post-inpatient care were assessed. The four outcome dimensions included: continuous abstinence, abstinence at follow up, daily alcohol consumption, and days of abstinence after discharge.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Six months after withdrawal treatment 46% of the patients achieved continuous abstinence. Socioeconomic, clinical and somatic features across the treatment timeline were analyzed and summarized into a multivariate signature associated with long-term treatment outcome. Thereby, the SPLS algorithm identified regular completion of withdrawal treatment, higher education, and employment status to be most strongly associated with a positive outcome. Alcohol-related hepatic and hematopoietic damage, number of previous withdrawal treatments and living in a shelter were most profoundly associated with a negative outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Conceiving treatment outcome as a multidimensional signature and moving beyond simple binary classifications of relapse versus abstinence may improve the understanding of relapse pathways and support more individualized treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1683069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T05:20:17Z","timestamp":1776403217000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The patterns of relapse and abstinence: using machine learning to identify a multidimensional signature of long-term outcome after inpatient alcohol withdrawal treatment"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Florian J.","family":"Raabe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich (LMU) University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich (LMU) Munich","place":["Munich, Germany"]},{"name":"Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry","place":["Munich, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Brechtel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich (LMU) University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich (LMU) Munich","place":["Munich, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Lugmair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry","place":["Munich, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Weiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg","place":["Freiburg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kolja","family":"Schiltz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich (LMU) University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich (LMU) Munich","place":["Munich, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Koutsouleris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich (LMU) University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich (LMU) Munich","place":["Munich, Germany"]},{"name":"Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry","place":["Munich, Germany"]},{"name":"German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Partner Site Munich-Augsburg","place":["Munich, Germany"]},{"name":"Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Falkai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich (LMU) University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich (LMU) Munich","place":["Munich, Germany"]},{"name":"Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry","place":["Munich, Germany"]},{"name":"German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Partner Site Munich-Augsburg","place":["Munich, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Hoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich (LMU) University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich (LMU) Munich","place":["Munich, Germany"]},{"name":"IFT Institut f\u00fcr Therapieforschung, Centre for Mental Health and Addiction Research","place":["Munich, Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Charlotte Fresenius University","place":["Munich, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Pogarell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich (LMU) University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich (LMU) Munich","place":["Munich, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Koller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich (LMU) University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich (LMU) Munich","place":["Munich, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Popovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich (LMU) University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich (LMU) Munich","place":["Munich, Germany"]},{"name":"Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry","place":["Munich, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2024.03.003","article-title":"AUD in perspective","volume":"175","author":"de Bejczy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31775-1","article-title":"Alcohol use disorders","volume":"394","author":"Carvalho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/36.4.329","article-title":"Flupenthixol decanoate and relapse prevention in alcoholics: results from a placebo-controlled study","volume":"36","author":"Wiesbeck","year":"2001","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agx085","article-title":"Maintenance of abstinence in self-help groups","volume":"53","author":"Nalpas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2021.1976887","article-title":"Predictors of relapse to alcohol and substance use: are there any differences between 3 and 12 months after inpatient treatment","volume":"54","author":"Guliyev","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.7547","article-title":"A real-world study on clinical predictors of relapse after hospitalized detoxification in a Chinese cohort with alcohol dependence","volume":"7","author":"Tao","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61239-2","article-title":"Resources for mental health: scarcity, inequity, and inefficiency","volume":"370","author":"Saxena","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.05.038","article-title":"Alcohol use disorder relapse factors: A systematic review","volume":"278","author":"Sliedrecht","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/ags097","article-title":"Prognostic factors during outpatient treatment for alcohol dependence: cohort study with 6 months of treatment follow-up","volume":"47","author":"Aguiar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2008.05.007","article-title":"Patient predictors of alcohol treatment outcome: a systematic review","volume":"36","author":"Adamson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2013.08.006","article-title":"Co-morbid anxiety disorders predict early relapse after inpatient alcohol treatment","volume":"30","author":"Schellekens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6415831","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6415831","article-title":"Predicting inpatient detoxification outcome of alcohol and drug dependent patients: the influence of sociodemographic environment, motivation, impulsivity, and medical comorbidities","volume":"2017","author":"Sofin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Addict"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19723\/j.issn.1671-167X.2019.03.021","article-title":"Effect of clinical characteristics on relapse of alcohol dependence: a prospective cohort study","volume":"51","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2019.1646284","article-title":"Absolute abstinence as a treatment outcome in servicemen with alcohol dependence: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"54","author":"Ratnam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15329","article-title":"Controlled drinking-non-abstinent versus abstinent treatment goals in alcohol use disorder: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression","volume":"116","author":"Henssler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13272","article-title":"Clinical validation of reduced alcohol consumption after treatment for alcohol dependence using the world health organization risk drinking levels","volume":"41","author":"Witkiewitz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13173","article-title":"Do alcohol relapse episodes during treatment predict long-term outcomes? Investigating the validity of existing definitions of alcohol use disorder relapse [Internet","volume":"40","author":"Maisto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alcoholism: Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2017.12.007","article-title":"Addiction biomarkers: dimensional approaches to understanding addiction","volume":"24","author":"Kwako","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-0798-6","article-title":"Translating research findings into clinical practice: a systematic and critical review of neuroimaging-based clinical tools for brain disorders","volume":"10","author":"Scarpazza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-010-0153-7","article-title":"Individualised treatment in alcohol-dependent patients","author":"Mann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14504","article-title":"Machine-learning prediction of adolescent alcohol use: a cross-study, cross-cultural validation","volume":"114","author":"Afzali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133\u201341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0534-x","article-title":"Predicting risk for Alcohol Use Disorder using longitudinal data with multimodal biomarkers and family history: a machine learning study","volume":"26","author":"Kinreich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01281-2","article-title":"Predicting alcohol use disorder remission: a longitudinal multimodal multi-featured machine learning approach","volume":"11","author":"Kinreich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-020-00995-z","article-title":"Using alcohol consumption diary data from an internet intervention for outcome and predictive modeling: a validation and machine learning study","volume":"20","author":"Lindner","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2020.03.016","article-title":"A machine learning approach to risk assessment for alcohol withdrawal syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Burkhardt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2016.06.011","article-title":"A multiple hold-out framework for Sparse Partial Least Squares","volume":"271","author":"Monteiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891\u2013902","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-020-01153-8","article-title":"Classical blood biomarkers identify patients with higher risk for relapse 6 months after alcohol withdrawal treatment","volume":"271","author":"Raabe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B28","article-title":"Alcohol dependence and harmful use of alcohol","volume":"113","author":"Batra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"b866","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b866","article-title":"Written informed consent and selection bias in observational studies using medical records: systematic review","volume":"338","author":"Kho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000259089","article-title":"EuropASI: european adaptation of a multidimensional assessment instrument for drug and alcohol dependence","volume":"1","author":"Kokkevi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur Addict Res"},{"key":"B31","article-title":"The de ritis ratio: the test of time","volume":"34","author":"Botros","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Biochem Rev"},{"key":"B32","article-title":"A combination of raised serum AST: ALT ratio and erythrocyte mean cell volume level detects excessive alcohol consumption","volume":"103","author":"Kawachi","year":"1990","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s004060200003","article-title":"Is patient satisfaction a unidimensional construct","volume":"252","author":"M\u00f6ller-Leimk\u00fchler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-0357-5_3","article-title":"Timeline follow-back: A technique for assessing self-reported alcohol consumption","volume-title":"Measuring alcohol consumption: Psychosocial and biochemical methods","author":"Sobell","year":"1992"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1992.tb03118.x","article-title":"Self-reports by alcohol and drug abuse inpatients: factors affecting reliability and validity","volume":"87","author":"Brown","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br J Addict"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1359-6357.2003.00586.x","article-title":"The validity of self-reports of alcohol consumption: state of the science and challenges for research","author":"Del Boca","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000232","article-title":"Automatic avoidance tendencies for alcohol cues predict drinking after detoxification treatment in alcohol dependence","volume":"31","author":"Field","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Addict Behav"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289\u2013300","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc"},{"key":"B39","article-title":"Determinants of drinking relapse after treatments in patients with alcohol dependence in sichuan province","volume":"49","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9868.2005.00503.x","article-title":"Regularization and variable selection via the elastic net","volume":"67","author":"Zou","year":"2005","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser B Stat Methodol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.05.020","article-title":"Traces of trauma: A multivariate pattern analysis of childhood trauma, brain structure, and clinical phenotypes","volume":"88","author":"Popovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2202\/1544-6115.1078","article-title":"A compendium to ensure computational reproducibility in high-dimensional classification tasks","volume":"3","author":"Ruschhaupt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stat Appl Genet Mol Biol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045037","article-title":"Machine learning approaches for clinical psychology and psychiatry","volume":"14","author":"Dwyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2024.04.014","article-title":"Signature of altered retinal microstructures and electrophysiology in schizophrenia spectrum disorders is associated with disease severity and polygenic risk","volume":"96","author":"Boudriot","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2026.0576","article-title":"Bridging the Scales via Personalized Cellular Modeling and Deep Phenotyping in Schizophrenia","author":"Raabe","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1038\/s44220-025-00522-3","article-title":"The BMIgap tool to quantify transdiagnostic brain signatures of current and future weight","volume":"3","author":"Khuntia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Ment Health"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172\u201384","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2025.3803","article-title":"Multivariate brain-blood signatures in early-stage depression and psychosis","volume":"83","author":"Popovic","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.07.034","article-title":"Abdi H. Partial Least Squares (PLS) methods for neuroimaging: a tutorial and review","volume":"56","author":"Krishnan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B49","article-title":"Deflation methods for sparse PCA","volume-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems","author":"Mackey","year":"2008"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2202\/1544-6115.1390","article-title":"A sparse PLS for variable selection when integrating omics data","volume":"7","author":"Ka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stat Appl Genet Mol Biol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.31356","article-title":"Determinants of treatment outcome, follow-up, and abstinence rates among patients with alcohol use disorder: A prospective study","volume":"14","author":"Gc","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16050722","article-title":"Frequency and predictors of alcohol-related outcomes following alcohol residential rehabilitation programs: A 12-month follow-up study","volume":"16","author":"Fiabane","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15011","article-title":"World Health Organization risk drinking level reductions are associated with improved functioning and are sustained among patients with mild, moderate and severe alcohol dependence in clinical trials in the United States and United Kingdom","volume":"115","author":"Witkiewitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.09.026","article-title":"Intensive intervention for alcohol-dependent smokers in early recovery: a randomized trial","volume":"122","author":"Carmody","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2004.65.681","article-title":"A randomized trial of concurrent versus delayed smoking intervention for patients in alcohol dependence treatment","volume":"65","author":"Joseph","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1221487","article-title":"Validity of an online, self-administered Timeline Followback for alcohol use with adolescents","volume":"14","author":"Hareskov Jensen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.012","article-title":"Unemployment and substance outcomes in the United States 2002-2010","volume":"142","author":"Compton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irel.12019","article-title":"Does unemployment lead to greater alcohol consumption","volume":"52","author":"Popovici","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind Relat (Berkeley)"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agm028","article-title":"Tobacco use is associated with more severe alcohol dependence, as assessed by the number of DSM-IV criteria, in Swedish male type 1 alcoholics","volume":"42","author":"Berggren","year":"2007","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agx031","article-title":"The influence of smoking and smokeless tobacco on the progression, severity and treatment outcome in alcohol-dependent individuals","volume":"52","author":"Rauwolf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2004.04.007","article-title":"Substantial decrease of psychiatric comorbidity in chronic alcoholics upon integrated outpatient treatment - results of a prospective study","volume":"38","author":"Wagner","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.02.023","article-title":"Predicting drinking outcomes: Evidence from the United Kingdom Alcohol Treatment Trial (UKATT)","volume":"71","author":"Dale","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12007","article-title":"Self-efficacy as a predictor of outcome after residential treatment programs for alcohol dependence: simply ask the patient one question","volume":"37","author":"Ludwig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3357\/AMHP.5256.2019","article-title":"Breath\/blood alcohol concentration as an indicator of alcohol use problems","volume":"90","author":"Canfield","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aerosp Med Hum Perform"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agaa018","article-title":"Predictors of readmission following outpatient treatment for alcohol use disorder","volume":"55","author":"Hansen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826080701202999","article-title":"Predictors of relapse in 300 Brazilian alcoholic patients: a 6-month follow-up study","volume":"43","author":"Terra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.72.1.81","article-title":"Long-term influence of duration and frequency of participation in alcoholics anonymous on individuals with alcohol use disorders","volume":"72","author":"Moos","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1996.01830080023006","article-title":"Relapse prevention by acamprosate. Results from a placebo-controlled study on alcohol dependence","volume":"53","author":"Sass","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820110040006","article-title":"Naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence","volume":"49","author":"Volpicelli","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.04054.x","article-title":"Meta-analysis of naltrexone and acamprosate for treating alcohol use disorders: when are these medications most helpful","volume":"108","author":"Maisel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14414","article-title":"Gabapentin enacarbil extended-release versus placebo: A likely responder reanalysis of a randomized clinical trial","volume":"44","author":"Laska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1159\/000543252","article-title":"Effectiveness of machine learning-based adjustments to an eHealth intervention targeting mild alcohol use","volume":"31","author":"Derksen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Addict Res"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(03)00167-4","article-title":"Short-term alcohol and drug treatment outcomes predict long-term outcome","volume":"71","author":"Weisner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990802295212","article-title":"Self-report of drinking compared to objective markers of alcohol consumption","volume":"35","author":"Whitford","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.09.027","article-title":"Comparison of self-reported alcohol use with the alcohol biomarker phosphatidylethanol among young people in northern Tanzania","volume":"156","author":"Francis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12175","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241512175","article-title":"Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) in blood as a marker of unhealthy alcohol use: A systematic review with novel molecular insights","volume":"24","author":"Perilli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01089-6","article-title":"A physiologically-based digital twin for alcohol consumption-predicting real-life drinking responses and long-term plasma PEth","volume":"7","author":"Pod\u00e9us","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1683069\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T05:20:20Z","timestamp":1776403220000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1683069\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"references-count":77,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1683069"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1683069","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"article-number":"1683069"}}