{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T15:50:55Z","timestamp":1773417055449,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Previous studies have reported altered gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate levels in borderline personality disorder (BPD), suggesting disruptions in excitatory-inhibitory neurotransmission. Electroencephalographic (EEG) research has indicated potential network hyperexcitability in BPD, evidenced by increased intermittent rhythmic delta and theta activity (IRDA\/IRTA), which may reflect compensatory stabilization mechanisms. This study used multi-voxel magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) to explore neurochemical abnormalities and their relationships with IRDA\/IRTA, psychometric and neuropsychological measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixty-six female patients diagnosed with BPD (mean age: 30.2 \u00b1 9.7 years) and 29 age-matched female healthy controls (mean age: 27.8 \u00b1 8.0 years) received spirally encoded 3D MRSI scans. GABA, glutamate plus glutamine (Glx), total creatine (tCr) and total N-acetylaspartate (tNAA) were quantified and reported as ratios relative to tNAA and\/or tCr. The resulting spectroscopic images were analyzed using LCModel and FreeSurfer software, and IRDA\/IRTA detection in a clinical EEG session was performed using independent component analysis. Metabolite ratios were analyzed using hierarchical linear mixed-effects models (ROIs nested within participants), with fixed effects of group or, in separate models, continuous predictors (IRDA\/IRTA and psychometric\/neuropsychological measures), ROI, and their interaction, and a subject-level random intercept. ROI-specific effects were quantified using estimated marginal means and within-ROI contrasts (emmeans).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No metabolite ratio showed a significant BPD vs. control difference. In BPD, IRDA\/IRTA-related measures were positively associated with Glx\/tCr and Glx\/tNAA in the accumbens, and with Glx\/tCr in the right caudal anterior cingulate cortex (cACC). BSL-supplement scores showed ROI-dependent associations with tCr\/tNAA, with positive ROI-specific effects in the bilateral caudate, right pallidum, and right putamen. Alertness measures were linked to GABA\/tCr, Glx\/tNAA, and tCr\/tNAA (including caudate, pallidum\/putamen, cACC, and thalamus), while divided attention omissions and working-memory errors were associated with higher Glx\/tCr in the cACC, isthmus cingulate, and hippocampus. ROI-dependent associations were also observed for IQ and verbal learning\/recognition with GABA\/tCr and tNAA\/tCr.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While no robust group differences emerged, mixed-models using continuous predictors linked higher Glx ratios in nucleus accumbens\/cACC to IRDA\/IRTA and higher striatal tCr\/tNAA to BPD symptom severity and neurocognitive performance. These exploratory multimodal signatures point to cortico-striato-limbic mechanisms in BPD and should be confirmed in larger samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1708563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T12:57:21Z","timestamp":1773406641000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multi-voxel MR-spectroscopy signatures and associations with EEG network hyperexcitability and clinical symptomatology in borderline personality disorder"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Schlump","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg","place":["Freiburg, Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Laboratory for Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy - 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