{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T07:13:02Z","timestamp":1771485182610,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>People with intellectual disabilities (PwID) have higher prevalences of epilepsy and constipation than the general population. Constipation is having fewer than three bowel movements or requiring laxatives three or more times weekly. Both epilepsy and constipation contribute significantly to premature mortality. To manage constipation, many individuals are prescribed long-term laxatives, which serve as a surrogate indicator of constipation. PwID and epilepsy also have a high prevalence of multimorbidity and polypharmacy, particularly involving antiseizure medications (ASMs) and antipsychotics. This study aimed to explore associations between ASM use, antipsychotics, and laxative prescribing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The primary care dataset in Cornwall, England (population 572,000), was used to examine patient prescribing records for laxatives, ASMs, and antipsychotics using SNOMED diagnosis codes for PwID. Age and sex were recorded. Results are reported as the prevalence of study cohorts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 3,189 PwID in Cornwall\u2019s GP registers, 2,799 (88%) were over 18, and 1,881 (59%) were men. Among them, 725 (23%) were prescribed laxatives and 467 (15%) ASMs. Of these, 209 were on both laxatives and ASMs (28.8% of all laxative users, 44.8% of all ASM users). Older PwID (&amp;gt; 40 years) were more likely to be on both ASMs and laxatives. Among the 209, 72 (34.4%) were on antipsychotics, with overrepresentation in those over 40.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nearly half of PwID on ASMs are prescribed laxatives, and over a third of them were also found to be taking antipsychotics. Given the significant links among epilepsy, constipation, and antipsychotic use to premature mortality in PwID, it is imperative to consider these factors collectively rather than individually.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1714524","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T06:42:35Z","timestamp":1771483355000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The overlooked burden: anti-seizure medications, laxatives, and antipsychotics prescribed in primary care for people with intellectual disability"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Richard","family":"Laugharne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Adult Intellectual Disability services, Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust","place":["Truro, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine","place":["Truro, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornwall and Isles of Scilly Integrated Care Board","place":["Chy Trevail, Bodmin, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Wilcock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Department, Royal Cornwall Hospitals Trust","place":["Truro, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rohit","family":"Shankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adult Intellectual Disability services, Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust","place":["Truro, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine","place":["Truro, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2015.03.016","article-title":"Prevalence of epilepsy among people with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Robertson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2023.01.003","article-title":"The incidence and prevalence of epilepsy in the United Kingdom 2013\u20132018: A retrospective cohort study of UK primary care data","volume":"105","author":"Wigglesworth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2022.05.022","article-title":"Tackling increased risks in older adults with intellectual disability and epilepsy: Data from a national multicentre cohort study","volume":"101","author":"Watkins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10938-3","article-title":"Epilepsy-related multimorbidity, polypharmacy and risks in adults with intellectual disabilities: A national study","volume":"269","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"B5","article-title":"Hospital admissions that should not happen","volume-title":"Improving Health and Lives: Learning Disabilities Observatory","author":"Glover","year":"2013"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-12165-4","article-title":"Real-world evidence of epidemiology, patient characteristics, and mortality in people with drug-resistant epilepsy in the United Kingdom 2011\u20132021","volume":"271","author":"Shankar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"B7","volume-title":"Learning from Lives and Deaths - 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