{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T07:58:58Z","timestamp":1780991938268,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sexual hallucinations have lifetime prevalence rates of 0.4% in the general population and up to 44% in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. For borderline personality disorder (BPD) these rates are unknown. We therefore studied prevalence rates of sexual hallucinations and delusions in this group, as well as their phenomenological characteristics and their connection with childhood trauma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We carried out a cross-sectional study among outpatients with BPD, using the Sexual Hallucinations and Delusions Questionnaire (SHDQ), the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales\u2013Auditory Verbal Hallucinations (PSYRATS-AVH) and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 81 people interviewed, we found a lifetime prevalence rate of 59.3% for sexual hallucinations, and 49.4% for sexual delusions. For the last month these rates were 36.0% and 31.0%, respectively. In this group somatic, visual, tactile and auditory sexual hallucinations were more common than olfactory and gustatory ones. Childhood trauma was reported by all participants, with emotional abuse and sexual abuse showing the strongest link with sexual hallucinations and delusions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sexual hallucinations and delusions are very common in people with BPD. They may well explain (part of) the emotional and behavioral aspects considered characteristic of BPD. Our finding that childhood trauma was reported by all participants indicates that more research is needed to explore the impact of trauma in this specific population. We also provide recommendations for clinical practice, including treatment options.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1750041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T07:03:42Z","timestamp":1772003022000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sexual hallucinations and delusions in borderline personality disorder"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Rosemarij J.B.","family":"van Veen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Parnassia Academy, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute","place":["The Hague, Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Education, and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam","place":["Rotterdam, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan Dirk","family":"Blom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parnassia Academy, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute","place":["The Hague, Netherlands"]},{"name":"Institute of Psychology, Leiden University","place":["Leiden, Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen","place":["Groningen, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma H.C.","family":"van Rooijen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre","place":["Leiden, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingmar H.A.","family":"Franken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Education, and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam","place":["Rotterdam, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina W.","family":"Slotema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parnassia Academy, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute","place":["The Hague, Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Education, and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam","place":["Rotterdam, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00193","article-title":"Sexual hallucinations in schizophrenia spectrum disorders and their relation with childhood trauma","volume":"9","author":"Blom","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000388","article-title":"The diagnostic spectrum of sexual hallucinations","volume":"32","author":"Blom","year":"2024","journal-title":"Harv Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-04012-z","article-title":"A cross-sectional study of current and lifetime sexual hallucinations and delusions in Lebanese patients with schizophrenia: frequency, characterization, and association with childhood traumatic experiences and disease severity","volume":"22","author":"Gerges","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000462","article-title":"Psychotic symptoms in borderline personality disorder: an update","volume":"32","author":"D\u2019Agostino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13920","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13108-6","article-title":"Hallucinations in borderline personality disorder: prevalence, characteristics and associations with comorbid symptoms and disorders","volume":"7","author":"Niemantsverdriet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e32835a2ae7","article-title":"Psychotic symptoms in patients with borderline personality disorder: prevalence and clinical management","volume":"26","author":"Schroeder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3181e08c27","article-title":"Schizophrenia and borderline personality disorder: similarities and differences in the experience of auditory hallucinations, paranoia, and childhood trauma","volume":"198","author":"Kingdon","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291712000165","article-title":"Verbal auditory hallucinations in patients with borderline personality disorder are similar to those in schizophrenia","volume":"42","author":"Slotema","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00347","article-title":"Verbal auditory hallucinations in borderline personality disorder and the efficacy of antipsychotics: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Slotema","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2021.152290","article-title":"Characteristics and stability of hallucinations and delusions in patients with borderline personality disorder","volume":"113","author":"Niemantsverdriet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"B11","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","year":"2013"},{"key":"B12","article-title":"International classification of diseases for mortality and morbidity statistics. 11th rev","year":"2022"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-009-0010-4","article-title":"Borderline personality disorder and childhood trauma: evidence for a causal relationship","volume":"11","author":"Ball","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16770-6","article-title":"Borderline personality disorder","volume":"364","author":"Lieb","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-200208000-00003","article-title":"Traumatic exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in borderline, schizotypal, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders: findings from the collaborative longitudinal personality disorders study","volume":"190","author":"Yen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291799008661","article-title":"Scales to measure dimensions of hallucinations and delusions: the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales (PSYRATS)","volume":"29","author":"Haddock","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2009.03.001","article-title":"A validation study of the Dutch Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form: factor structure, reliability, and known-groups validity","volume":"33","author":"Thombs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-018-1257-2","article-title":"Psychotic symptoms in adolescents with borderline personality disorder features","volume":"28","author":"Thompson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2004.07.032","article-title":"Persistent hallucinosis in borderline personality disorder","volume":"46","author":"Yee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2021.05.003","article-title":"Persistent psychotic symptoms and neurocognitive deficits in borderline personality disorder","volume":"232","author":"Carrasco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000132","article-title":"A study of psychotic symptoms in borderline personality disorder","volume":"202","author":"Pearse","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-124473","article-title":"Pr\u00e4valenz und Ph\u00e4nomenologie fraglich psychotischer Symptome bei Borderline Pers\u00f6nlichkeitsst\u00f6rungen","volume":"68","author":"Schroeder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2010.02.011","article-title":"Psychotic symptoms with sexual content in the \u201cultra high risk\u201d for psychosis population: frequency and association with sexual trauma","volume":"177","author":"Thompson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000477669","article-title":"Negative beliefs about voices in patients with borderline personality disorder are associated with distress: a plea for cognitive-behavioural therapy","volume":"50","author":"Slotema","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13012","article-title":"Hallucinations in patients with borderline personality disorder: characteristics, severity, and relationship with schizotypy and loneliness","volume":"139","author":"Slotema","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Scand"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.12763","article-title":"Exploratory comparison of verbal auditory hallucinations and other psychotic symptoms among youth with borderline personality disorder or schizophrenia spectrum disorder","volume":"13","author":"Cavelti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Early Interv Psychiatry"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000516208","article-title":"A phenomenological exploration of the voices reported by borderline personality and schizophrenia patients","volume":"54","author":"Barrera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sby110","article-title":"Beyond trauma: a multiple pathways approach to auditory hallucinations in clinical and nonclinical populations","volume":"45","author":"Luhrmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1511280","article-title":"Recognition and management of auditory verbal hallucinations in borderline personality disorder","volume":"16","author":"Niemantsverdriet","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00402","article-title":"Efficacy and moderators of cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis versus other psychological interventions: an individual-participant data meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Turner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1750041\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T07:03:43Z","timestamp":1772003023000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1750041\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1750041"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1750041","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"article-number":"1750041"}}