{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T05:31:34Z","timestamp":1789018294827,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":184,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Trans-cranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique with increasing evidence of efficacy in treating neuropsychiatric conditions. There is a need for biomarkers to predict and monitor tDCS efficacy. We aimed to conduct a systematic scoping review to assess the evidence regarding the ability of biomarkers to predict response to tDCS and identify promising candidate biomarkers in neuropsychiatric patient populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Comprehensive searches were conducted in the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases on 24\/09\/2023. Articles were screened at the title and abstract level and then at full text, and inclusion\/exclusion criteria applies. Data was extracted and the quality of the studies assessed with the JADAD, MINORS and Ottawa rating scales. 154 including 154 studies in the review. Disorders studied weredivided into 10 categories, Stroke\/Aphasia, Psychotic Disorders, Affective Disorders, Neurocognitive Disorders, Pain Disorders, Addiction Disorders, Disorders of Consciousness, Multiple Sclerosis, Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Traumatic Brain Injury. Biomarkers with positive results in at least 2 studies in each group were identified.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The most common biomarker across groups was functional connectivity, appearing in 7 of 10 groups. This was followed by EEG features and Cortical Activation. The biomarkers with most evidence have plausible mechanisms of action and have been previously proposed as candidate biomarkers in similar research. Other biomarkers included anatomical and clinical features, and levels of neurotransmitters in the brain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review identified the most promising candidate biomarkers in predicting and monitoring tDCS response in neuropsychiatric disorders and this may provide a focus for future research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/osf.io\/r6mkp\/?view_only=64ec4811e21f43ba84fe31496f403ec2<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1758869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T06:56:15Z","timestamp":1773816975000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Biomarker use in predicting transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) response: a systematic scoping review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Leonidas","family":"Constantinides","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, University of Cyprus","place":["Nicosia, Cyprus"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Constantinidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, University of Cyprus","place":["Nicosia, Cyprus"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Chatzittofis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, University of Cyprus","place":["Nicosia, Cyprus"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Psychiatry, Ume\u00e5 University","place":["Ume\u00e5, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnp.2016.12.003","article-title":"Adverse events of tDCS and tACS: A review","volume":"2","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol Pract"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-95948-1_2","article-title":"Principles of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): introduction to the biophysics of tDCS","volume-title":"Practical guide to transcranial direct current stimulation: principles, procedures and applications","author":"Reato","year":"2019"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.631838","article-title":"Neurobiological mechanisms of transcranial direct current stimulation for psychiatric disorders; neurophysiological, chemical, and anatomical considerations","volume":"15","author":"Yamada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.11.012","article-title":"A technical guide to tDCS, and related non-invasive brain stimulation tools","volume":"127","author":"Woods","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2841","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-29792-6","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in depression induces structural plasticity","volume":"13","author":"Jog","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.08.454","article-title":"Clinical utility of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) following traumatic brain injury and stroke","volume":"100","author":"Abraham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyaa051","article-title":"Evidence-based guidelines and secondary meta-analysis for the use of transcranial direct current stimulation in neurological and psychiatric disorders","volume":"24","author":"Fregni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.4103\/Indianjpsychiatry.Indianjpsychiatry_496_22","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for the use of transcranial direct current stimulation in psychiatry","volume":"65","author":"Sreeraj","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.01.069","article-title":"The role of GABA in human motor learning","volume":"21","author":"Stagg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.04676.x","article-title":"Dopaminergic modulation of long-lasting direct current-induced cortical excitability changes in the human motor cortex","volume":"23","author":"Nitsche","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbv114","article-title":"Effects of fronto-temporal xxtranscranial xxdirect xxcurrent xxstimulation on auditory verbal hallucinations and resting-state functional connectivity of the left temporo-parietal junction in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"42","author":"Mondino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.09.085","article-title":"Introducing graph theory to track for neuroplastic alterations in the resting human brain: A transcranial direct current stimulation study","volume":"54","author":"Polan\u00eda","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B13","unstructured":"European medicines agency (EMA)"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370217733426","article-title":"Biomarkers and their impact on precision medicine","volume":"243","author":"William Slikker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00038-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"23","author":"Steinmetz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00432","article-title":"Biomarkers in psychiatry: concept, definition, types and relevance to the clinical reality","volume":"11","author":"Garc\u00eda-Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2014.139","article-title":"Towards a classification of biomarkers of neuropsychiatric disease: from encompass to compass","volume":"20","author":"Davis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e318219c171","article-title":"The Levels of Evidence and their role in Evidence-Based Medicine","volume":"128","author":"Burns","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(95)00134-4","article-title":"Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: Is blinding necessary","volume":"17","author":"Jadad","year":"1996","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1445-2197.2003.02748.x","article-title":"Methodological index for non-randomized studies (minors): development and validation of a new instrument","volume":"73","author":"Slim","year":"2003","journal-title":"ANZ J Surg"},{"key":"B22","unstructured":"Wells\n              GA\n            \n            \n              Shea\n              B\n            \n            \n              O\u2019Connell\n              D\n            \n            \n              Peterson\n              J\n            \n            \n              Welch\n              V\n            \n            \n              Losos\n              M\n            \n          \n          The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses\n          \n          2000"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.08.009","article-title":"BDNF genotype and tDCS interaction in aphasia treatment","volume":"11","author":"Fridriksson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-130323","article-title":"Bihemispheric tDCS enhances language recovery but does not alter BDNF levels in chronic aphasic patients","volume":"32","author":"Marangolo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Restorative Neurol Neurosci"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00927","article-title":"Bilateral Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Language Treatment Enhances Functional Connectivity in the Left Hemisphere: Preliminary Data from Aphasia","volume":"28","author":"Marangolo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102159","article-title":"Brain age prediction in stroke patients: Highly reliable but limited sensitivity to cognitive performance and response to cognitive training","volume":"25","author":"Richard","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clin"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104707","article-title":"Brain volumes as predictors of tDCS effects in primary progressive aphasia","volume":"200","author":"de Aguiar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.06.004","article-title":"Broca\u2019s area damage is necessary but not sufficient to induce after-effects of cathodal tDCS on the unaffected hemisphere in post-stroke aphasia","volume":"7","author":"Rosso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.09.007","article-title":"Changes in spectroscopic biomarkers after transcranial direct current stimulation in children with perinatal stroke","volume":"11","author":"Carlson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.2015.1049998","article-title":"Combining TMS-EEG with transcranial direct current stimulation language treatment in aphasia","volume":"15","author":"Cipollari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.01.413","article-title":"Combining Voxel-based Lesion-symptom Mapping (VLSM) With A-tDCS Language Treatment: Predicting Outcome of Recovery in Nonfluent Chronic Aphasia","volume":"8","author":"Campana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr344","article-title":"Contralesional hemisphere control of the proximal paretic upper limb following stroke","volume":"22","author":"Bradnam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr313","article-title":"Cortical activation changes underlying stimulation-induced behavioural gains in chronic stroke","volume":"135","author":"Stagg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3826495","article-title":"Different brain connectivity between responders and nonresponders to dual-mode noninvasive brain stimulation over bilateral primary motor cortices in stroke patients","volume":"2019","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural Plasticity"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-023-01153-4","article-title":"Effects of bihemispheric transcranial direct current stimulation on motor recovery in subacute stroke patients: A double-blind, randomized sham-controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Hsu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J NeuroEngineering Rehabil"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11101277","article-title":"Effects of tdcs on language recovery in post-stroke aphasia: A pilot study investigating clinical parameters and white matter change with diffusion imaging","volume":"11","author":"Soliman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11030306","article-title":"Extended fmri-guided anodal and cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation targeting perilesional areas in post-stroke aphasia: A pilot randomized clinical trial","volume":"11","author":"Cherney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-016-0494-2","article-title":"Grey Matter Density Predicts the Improvement of Naming Abilities After tDCS Intervention in Agrammatic Variant of Primary Progressive Aphasia","volume":"29","author":"Cotelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Topography"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19625","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76533-0","article-title":"High definition transcranial direct current stimulation modulates abnormal neurophysiological activity in post-stroke aphasia","volume":"10","author":"Shah-Basak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1046849","article-title":"Increased both cortical activation and functional connectivity after transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with post-stroke: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.10.066","article-title":"Increased functional connectivity one week after motor learning and tDCS in stroke patients","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23271","article-title":"Increased resting state connectivity between ipsilesional motor cortex and contralesional premotor cortex after transcranial direct current stimulation with physical therapy","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968321999052","article-title":"Indirect White Matter Pathways Are Associated With Treated Naming Improvement in Aphasia","volume":"35","author":"Wilmskoetter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurorehabilitation Neural Repair"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2022.10.003","article-title":"Individual electric field predicts functional connectivity changes after anodal transcranial direct-current stimulation in chronic stroke","volume":"186","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosci Res"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aad5651","article-title":"Ipsilesional anodal tDCS enhances the functional benefits of rehabilitation in patients after stroke","volume":"8","author":"Allman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Trans Med"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968311433295","article-title":"Low-frequency repetitive TMS plus anodal transcranial DCS prevents transient decline in bimanual movement induced by contralesional inhibitory rTMS after stroke","volume":"26","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurorehabilitation Neural Repair"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1458061","article-title":"Modulating brain connectivity by simultaneous dual-mode stimulation over bilateral primary motor cortices in subacute stroke patients","volume":"2018","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neural Plasticity"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu336","article-title":"Neural substrates underlying stimulation-enhanced motor skill learning after stroke","volume":"138","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24079","article-title":"Neuroplasticity and network connectivity of the motor cortex following stroke: A transcranial direct current stimulation study","volume":"39","author":"Hordacre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-2011-0612","article-title":"Optimizing recovery potential through simultaneous occupational therapy and non-invasive brain-stimulation using tDCS","volume":"29","author":"Nair","year":"2011","journal-title":"Restorative Neurol Neurosci"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.096","article-title":"Predicting behavioural response to TDCS in chronic motor stroke","volume":"85","author":"O\u2019Shea","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2019.2924742","article-title":"Prognostic and Monitory EEG-Biomarkers for BCI Upper-Limb Stroke Rehabilitation","volume":"27","author":"Mane","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Engineering: A Publ IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2019.03.011","article-title":"Reductions in GABA following a tDCS-language intervention for primary progressive aphasia","volume":"79","author":"Harris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25284","article-title":"Reliability, sensitivity, and predictive value of fMRI during multiple object tracking as a marker of cognitive training gain in combination with tDCS in stroke survivors","volume":"42","author":"Kolsk\u00e5r","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.10.016","article-title":"Revisiting interhemispheric imbalance in chronic stroke: A tDCS study","volume":"129","author":"McCambridge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.681043","article-title":"Selective Functional Network Changes Following tDCS-Augmented Language Treatment in Primary Progressive Aphasia","volume":"13","author":"Tao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2023.103329","article-title":"Sex differences in effects of tDCS and language treatments on brain functional connectivity in primary progressive aphasia","volume":"37","author":"Licata","year":"2023","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clin"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2022.0064","article-title":"Stimulation of the premotor cortex enhances inter-hemispheric functional connectivity in association with upper limb motor recovery in moderate-to-severe chronic stroke","volume":"13","author":"Unger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Connectivity"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-150574","article-title":"Stimulation targeting higher motor areas in stroke rehabilitation: A proof-of-concept, randomized, double-blinded placebo-controlled study of effectiveness and underlying mechanisms","volume":"33","author":"Cunningham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Restorative Neurol Neurosci"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00229","article-title":"Structural white matter changes in descending motor tracts correlate with improvements in motor impairment after undergoing a treatment course of tDCS and physical therapy","volume":"9","author":"Zheng","year":"2015"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8442","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87789-5","article-title":"Task-related brain functional network reconfigurations relate to motor recovery in chronic subcortical stroke","volume":"11","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.05.023","article-title":"The effect of tDCS on functional connectivity in primary progressive aphasia","volume":"19","author":"Ficek","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clin"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/apm-21-1055","article-title":"The effects of traditional Chinese medicine sensory stimulation combined with transcranial direct current stimulation on deglutition and related complications in stroke patients with dysphagia: A randomized trial","volume":"10","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Palliative Med"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.907425","article-title":"Through Thick and Thin: Baseline Cortical Volume and Thickness Predict Performance and Response to Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Primary Progressive Aphasia","volume":"16","author":"Nissim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23469","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation effects on neural processing in post-stroke aphasia","volume":"38","author":"Darkow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12584","article-title":"Visual training in hemianopia alters neural activity in the absence of behavioural improvement: A pilot study","volume":"38","author":"Larcombe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Optics: J Br Coll Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968320971741","article-title":"White Matter Integrity Predicts Electrical Stimulation (tDCS) and Language Therapy Effects in Primary Progressive Aphasia","volume":"35","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurorehabilitation Neural Repair"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-020-01149-4","article-title":"Advancing clinical response characterization to frontotemporal transcranial direct current stimulation with electric field distribution in patients with schizophrenia and auditory hallucinations: A pilot study","volume":"271","author":"Mondino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2018.11.004","article-title":"Changes in motor cortical excitability in schizophrenia following transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"90","author":"Gordon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115183","article-title":"Effect of HD-tDCS on white matter integrity and associated cognitive function in chronic schizophrenia: A double-blind, sham-controlled randomized trial","volume":"324","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2018.11.18","article-title":"Effect of tDCS on aberrant functional network connectivity in refractory hallucinatory schizophrenia: A pilot study","volume":"16","author":"Yoon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Invest"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-017-1783-y","article-title":"Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on the auditory mismatch negativity response and working memory performance in schizophrenia: A pilot study","volume":"124","author":"Impey","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna Austria: 1996)"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1637","article-title":"Global functional connectivity density alterations in patients with bipolar disorder with auditory verbal hallucinations and modest short-term effects of transcranial direct current stimulation augmentation treatment\u2014Baseline and follow-up study","volume":"10","author":"Zhuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2019.06.007","article-title":"Modulation of brain activity with transcranial direct current stimulation: Targeting regions implicated in impaired illness awareness in schizophrenia","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.04.021","article-title":"Modulation of neurophysiological auditory processing measures by bilateral transcranial direct current stimulation in schizophrenia","volume":"174","author":"Dunn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12101382","article-title":"Pilot-RCT Finds No Evidence for Modulation of Neuronal Networks of Auditory Hallucinations by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation","volume":"12","author":"Marquardt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbw041","article-title":"Prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation for treatment of schizophrenia with predominant negative symptoms: A double-blind, sham-controlled proof-of-concept study","volume":"42","author":"Palm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.03.003","article-title":"Significant improvement in treatment resistant auditory verbal hallucinations after 5 days of double-blind, randomized, sham controlled, fronto-temporal, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): A replication\/extension study","volume":"12","author":"Kantrowitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2022.114908","article-title":"Stimulating learning: A functional MRI and behavioral investigation of the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on stochastic learning in schizophrenia","volume":"317","author":"Orlov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx170","article-title":"Stimulating thought: A functional MRI study of transcranial direct current stimulation in schizophrenia","volume":"140","author":"Orlov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.923938","article-title":"Superior temporal gyrus functional connectivity predicts transcranial direct current stimulation response in Schizophrenia: A machine learning study","volume":"13","author":"Paul","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2017.04.023","article-title":"The effect of tDCS on auditory hallucination and P50 sensory gating in patients with schizophrenia: A pilot study","volume":"192","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.05.004","article-title":"The effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia is associated with oxy-hemoglobin concentrations in the brain as measured by near-infrared spectroscopy: A pilot study","volume":"103","author":"Narita","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyaa063","article-title":"The Effects of Bi-Anodal tDCS Over the Prefrontal Cortex Regions With Extracephalic Reference Placement on Insight Levels and Cardio-Respiratory and Autonomic Functions in Schizophrenia Patients and Exploratory Biomarker Analyses for Treatment Response","volume":"24","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.05.006","article-title":"Antidepressant effects of tDCS are associated with prefrontal gray matter volumes at baseline: Evidence from the ELECT-TDCS trial","volume":"12","author":"Bulubas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2014.08.009","article-title":"Assessment of non-BDNF neurotrophins and GDNF levels after depression treatment with sertraline and transcranial direct current stimulation in a factorial, randomized, sham-controlled trial (SELECT-TDCS): An exploratory analysis","volume":"56","author":"Brunoni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2014.03.006","article-title":"BDNF plasma levels after antidepressant treatment with sertraline and transcranial direct current stimulation: Results from a factorial, randomized, sham-controlled trial","volume":"24","author":"Brunoni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacology: J Eur Coll Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.12.007","article-title":"Effect of high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation on improving depression and modulating functional activity in emotion-related cortical-subcortical regions in bipolar depression","volume":"323","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110119","article-title":"Effects of tDCS on neuroplasticity and inflammatory biomarkers in bipolar depression: Results from a sham-controlled study","volume":"105","author":"Goerigk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-020-00830-4","article-title":"Effects of unilateral tDCS over left prefrontal cortex on emotion regulation in depression: Evidence from concurrent functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"21","author":"van Dam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cognitive Affect Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.030","article-title":"Efficacy and neurophysiological predictors of treatment response of adjunct bifrontal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in treating unipolar and bipolar depression","volume":"280","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01264-3","article-title":"In-vivo imaging of targeting and modulation of depression-relevant circuitry by transcranial direct current stimulation: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"11","author":"Jog","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trans Psychiatry"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.05.063","article-title":"Increase in PAS-induced neuroplasticity after a treatment course of transcranial direct current stimulation for depression","volume":"167","author":"Player","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0401-0","article-title":"Neural predictors of treatment response to brain stimulation and psychological therapy in depression: A double-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"44","author":"Nord","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology: Off Publ Am Coll Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2018.06.003","article-title":"Plasma biomarkers in a placebo-controlled trial comparing tDCS and escitalopram efficacy in major depression","volume":"86","author":"Brunoni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.10.021","article-title":"Predicting tDCS treatment outcomes of patients with major depressive disorder using automated EEG classification","volume":"208","author":"Al-Kaysi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-020-01187-y","article-title":"Prefrontal resting-state connectivity and antidepressant response: No associations in the ELECT-TDCS trial","volume":"271","author":"Bulubas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S91625","article-title":"Prefrontocerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation increases amplitude and decreases latency of P3b component in patients with euthymic bipolar disorder","volume":"2913","author":"Bersani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.12.004","article-title":"Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Over the Prefrontal Cortex in Depression Modulates Cortical Excitability in Emotion Regulation Regions as Measured by Concurrent Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: An Exploratory Study","volume":"7","author":"Chrysikou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry: Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-022-01504-7","article-title":"White matter predicts tDCS antidepressant effects in a sham-controlled clinical trial study","volume":"273","author":"Zanao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2021.11.005","article-title":"Brain network modulation in Alzheimer\u2019s and frontotemporal dementia with transcranial electrical stimulation","volume":"111","author":"Pini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2022.10.015","article-title":"Effect of online tDCS to left somatomotor cortex on neuropsychiatric symptoms among older adults at risk for dementia","volume":"159","author":"Turnbull","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.06.003","article-title":"Effects of 6-month at-home transcranial direct current stimulation on cognition and cerebral glucose metabolism in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Im","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-201091","article-title":"Effects of High Definition-Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Local GABA and Glutamate Levels among Older Adults with and without Mild Cognitive Impairment: An Exploratory Study","volume":"84","author":"Lengu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2022.02.003","article-title":"Effects of multisite anodal transcranial direct current stimulation combined with cognitive stimulation in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease and its neurophysiological correlates: A double-blind randomized clinical trial","volume":"52","author":"Andrade","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurophysiologie Clinique"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-210378","article-title":"High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Improves Delayed Memory in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Patients: A Pilot Study Using Computational Modeling to Optimize Electrode Position","volume":"83","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11060772","article-title":"Impact of transcranial direct current stimulation on cognitive function, brain functional segregation, and integration in patients with mild cognitive impairment according to amyloid-beta deposition and apoe \u03f54-allele: A pilot study","volume":"11","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2019.01.003","article-title":"Neurobiological effects of transcranial direct current stimulation in younger adults, older adults and mild cognitive impairment","volume":"125","author":"Emonson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0260-17.2017","article-title":"Promoting sleep oscillations and their functional coupling by transcranial stimulation enhances memory consolidation in mild cognitive impairment","volume":"37","author":"Ladenbauer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220539","article-title":"Repeated High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Modulated Temporal Variability of Brain Regions in Core Neurocognitive Networks over the Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Mild Cognitive Impairment Patients","volume":"90","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.695232","article-title":"tDCS-Induced Memory Reconsolidation Effects and Its Associations With Structural and Functional MRI Substrates in Subjective Cognitive Decline","volume":"13","author":"Vaqu\u00e9-Alc\u00e1zar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.07.159","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation in mild cognitive impairment: Behavioral effects and neural mechanisms","volume":"11","author":"Meinzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.101689","article-title":"Anodal tDCS modulates cortical activity and synchronization in Parkinson\u2019s disease depending on motor processing","volume":"22","author":"Schoellmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clin"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5935\/1984-0063.20200083","article-title":"Melatonin serum level, sleep functions, and depression level after bilateral anodal transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: A feasibility study","volume":"14","author":"Hadoush","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Sci"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2012.01.006","article-title":"Modulation of verbal fluency networks by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"6","author":"Pereira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2013.09.007","article-title":"Bilateral Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Over Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Changes the Drug-cued Reactivity in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex of Crack-cocaine Addicts","volume":"7","author":"Conti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-016-0934-0","article-title":"Changes in resting state functional connectivity after repetitive transcranial direct current stimulation applied to motor cortex in fibromyalgia patients","volume":"18","author":"Cummiford","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38945","article-title":"Brief report: Excitatory and inhibitory brain metabolites as targets of motor cortex transcranial direct current stimulation therapy and predictors of its efficacy in fibromyalgia","volume":"67","author":"Foerster","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.06.006","article-title":"Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on pain, mood and serum endorphin level in the treatment of fibromyalgia: A double blinded, randomized clinical trial","volume":"10","author":"Khedr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13512","article-title":"Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Signal Variability Is Associated With Neuromodulation in Fibromyalgia","volume":"26","author":"Lim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25371","article-title":"Neural basis of induced phantom limb pain relief","volume":"85","author":"Kikkert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000386","article-title":"Reduction of chronic abdominal pain in patients with inflammatory bowel disease through transcranial direct current stimulation: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"157","author":"Volz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S172920","article-title":"The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on metabolite changes at the anterior cingulate cortex in neuropathic pain: A pilot study","volume":"1","author":"Auvichayapat","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1532-2149.2012.00167.x","article-title":"The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation with visual illusion in neuropathic pain due to spinal cord injury: An evoked potentials and quantitative thermal testing study","volume":"17","author":"Kumru","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Pain (United Kingdom)"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.25161","article-title":"The longitudinal influence of tDCS on occipital GABA and glutamate\/glutamine levels in episodic migraineurs","volume":"101","author":"Pohl","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-021-01347-y","article-title":"Tracking tDCS induced grey matter changes in episodic migraine: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Schading","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.03.001","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation in inflammatory bowel disease patients modifies resting-state functional connectivity: A RCT","volume":"12","author":"Neeb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968313507632","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation to lessen neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury: A mechanistic PET study","volume":"28","author":"Yoon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurorehabilitation Neural Repair"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800419869845","article-title":"The Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Inflammation in Older Adults With Knee Osteoarthritis: A Bayesian Residual Change Analysis","volume":"22","author":"Suchting","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Res For Nurs"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0000000000000820","article-title":"Adjunctive High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Brain Glutamate-Glutamine and \u03b3-Aminobutyric Acid, Withdrawal and Craving During Early Abstinence Among Patients With Opioid Use Disorder on Buprenorphine-Naloxone: A Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy-Based Pilot Study","volume":"38","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J ECT"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.109950","article-title":"Effect of prefrontal tDCS on resting brain fMRI graph measures in Alcohol Use Disorders: A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study","volume":"102","author":"Holla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8724","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27057-1","article-title":"Effects of repeated transcranial direct current stimulation on smoking, craving and brain reactivity to smoking cues","volume":"8","author":"Mondino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsx055","article-title":"Electrical stimulation reduces smokers\u2019 craving by modulating the coupling between dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex and parahippocampal gyrus","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13171","article-title":"Electrophysiological and Behavioral Effects of Combined Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Alcohol Approach Bias Retraining in Hazardous Drinkers","volume":"40","author":"Den Uyl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alcoholism: Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.12.002","article-title":"Online effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on prefrontal metabolites in gambling disorder","author":"Dickler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.922","article-title":"Transcranial DC stimulation modifies functional connectivity of large-scale brain networks in abstinent methamphetamine users","volume":"8","author":"Shahbabaie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.05.007","article-title":"Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Targeting the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Reduces Reactive Aggression and Modulates Electrophysiological Responses in a Forensic Population","volume":"7","author":"Sergiou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry: Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26007","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation to modulate fMRI drug cue reactivity in methamphetamine users: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"43","author":"Ekhtiari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-016-1559-9","article-title":"Ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) as a target of the dorsolateral prefrontal modulation by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in drug addiction","volume":"123","author":"Nakamura-Palacios","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.07.024","article-title":"Clinical response to tDCS depends on residual brain metabolism and grey matter integrity in patients with minimally conscious state","volume":"8","author":"Thibaut","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2020.00062","article-title":"Decreased Evoked Slow-Activity After tDCS in Disorders of Consciousness","volume":"14","author":"Mensen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.821286","article-title":"Efficacy of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Over Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Patients With Minimally Conscious State","volume":"13","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2016.00257","article-title":"Functional connectivity substrates for tDCS response in minimally conscious state patients","volume":"10","author":"Cavaliere","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.08.017","article-title":"High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation modulates neural activities in patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness","volume":"12","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10070469","article-title":"Neurophysiological correlates of a single session of prefrontal tdcs in patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness: A pilot double-blind randomized controlled study","volume":"10","author":"Carri\u00e8re","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136534","article-title":"P300 correlates with tDCS response in minimally conscious state patients","volume":"774","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2015.00141","article-title":"Brain plasticity effects of neuromodulation against multiple sclerosis fatigue","volume":"6","author":"Tecchio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18213","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54595-z","article-title":"Cortical neurodynamics changes mediate the efficacy of a personalized neuromodulation against multiple sclerosis fatigue","volume":"9","author":"Porcaro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13040574","article-title":"Effects on Corticospinal Tract Homology of Faremus Personalized Neuromodulation Relieving Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis: A Proof-of-Concept Study","volume":"13","author":"Bertoli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-021-00820-w","article-title":"Effects on Motor Control of Personalized Neuromodulation Against Multiple Sclerosis Fatigue","volume":"34","author":"Padalino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Topography"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-130372","article-title":"Impact of transcranial direct current stimulation on fatigue in multiple sclerosis","volume":"32","author":"Saiote","year":"2014","journal-title":"Restorative Neurol Neurosci"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2020.00070","article-title":"Brain Metabolite Changes After Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"13","author":"Auvichayapat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.21808","article-title":"Effect of non-invasive brain stimulation on behavior and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor and insulin-like growth factor-1 levels in autistic patients","volume":"82","author":"Robinson-Agramonte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Dev Res"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-019-05471-9","article-title":"Modulation of temporal resolution and speech long-latency auditory-evoked potentials by transcranial direct current stimulation in children and adolescents with dyslexia","volume":"237","author":"Rahimi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00411","article-title":"Stuttering Severity Modulates Effects of Non-invasive Brain Stimulation in Adults Who Stutter","volume":"13","author":"Garnett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.006","article-title":"Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation to the Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Improves Cognitive Control in Patients With Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Randomized Behavioral and Neurophysiological Study","volume":"6","author":"Dubreuil-Vall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.545174","article-title":"Cerebral Perfusion Effects of Cognitive Training and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Mild-Moderate TBI","volume":"11","author":"Quinn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.08.004","article-title":"Investigating the interaction between white matter and brain state on tDCS-induced changes in brain network activity","volume":"14","author":"Kurtin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4399","article-title":"No Effect of Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Levels in Patients with Recurrent Mild Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"34","author":"Wilke","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.1026639","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation modulates working memory and prefrontal-insula connectivity after mild-moderate traumatic brain injury","volume":"16","author":"Quinn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz252","article-title":"Traumatic axonal injury influences the cognitive effect of non-invasive brain stimulation","volume":"142","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.460020107","article-title":"Functional and effective connectivity in neuroimaging: A synthesis","volume":"2","author":"Friston","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-397025-1.00212-8","article-title":"Functional connectivity","volume-title":"Brain mapping","author":"Eickhoff","year":"2015"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2007.03.007","article-title":"Assessing functional connectivity in the human brain by FMRI","volume":"25","author":"Rogers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118466","article-title":"What have we really learned from functional connectivity in clinical populations","volume":"242","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4246","article-title":"Resting-state connectivity biomarkers define neurophysiological subtypes of depression","volume":"23","author":"Drysdale","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.04.081","article-title":"Personalized prediction of transcranial magnetic stimulation clinical response in patients with treatment-refractory depression using neuroimaging biomarkers and machine learning","volume":"290","author":"Hopman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-021-05915-7","article-title":"Resting state functional connectivity patterns as biomarkers of treatment response to escitalopram in patients with major depressive disorder","volume":"239","author":"Martens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol (Berl)"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-020-00614-8","article-title":"Identification of psychiatric disorder subtypes from functional connectivity patterns in resting-state electroencephalography","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Biomed Eng"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0397-3","article-title":"An electroencephalographic signature predicts antidepressant response in major depression","volume":"38","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-023-01181-1","article-title":"Neural biomarker diagnosis and prediction to mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease using EEG technology","volume":"15","author":"Jiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res Ther"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/906038","article-title":"Role of EEG as biomarker in the early detection and classification of dementia","volume":"2014","author":"Al-Qazzaz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci World J"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858405284255","article-title":"The primary motor and premotor areas of the human cerebral cortex","volume":"12","author":"Chouinard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci Rev J Bringing Neurobiol Neurol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000000618","article-title":"Primary progressive aphasia and stroke aphasia","volume":"24","author":"Grossman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Contin Minneap Minn"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbn140","article-title":"Tuning in to the voices: a multisite FMRI study of auditory hallucinations","volume":"35","author":"Ford","year":"2009","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.646554","article-title":"White matter lesion severity in mild acute ischemic stroke patients and functional outcome after 1 year","volume":"43","author":"Leonards","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11936-013-0292-z","article-title":"White matter disease as a biomarker for long-term cerebrovascular disease and dementia","volume":"16","author":"Chutinet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2021.102698","article-title":"Grey and white matter network disruption is associated with sensory deficits after stroke","volume":"31","author":"Kessner","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968314543652","article-title":"GABA levels are decreased after stroke and GABA changes during rehabilitation correlate with motor improvement","volume":"29","author":"Blicher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-015-2258-2","article-title":"The dichotomous view on IFG lesion and non-fluent aphasia","volume":"36","author":"Kasselimis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol Sci Off J Ital Neurol Soc Ital Soc Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1289218","article-title":"Dysregulated neuromodulation in the anterior cingulate cortex in chronic pain","volume":"14","author":"Lan\u00e7on","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-05589-1","article-title":"Activation of the glutamatergic cingulate cortical-cortical connection facilitates pain in adult mice","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2020.00139","article-title":"Differential role of anterior cingulate cortical glutamatergic neurons in pain-related aversion learning and nociceptive behaviors in male and female rats","volume":"14","author":"Jarrin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19218","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76263-3","article-title":"Metabolite activity in the anterior cingulate cortex during a painful stimulus using functional MRS","volume":"10","author":"Archibald","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1758869\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T06:56:21Z","timestamp":1773816981000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1758869\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"references-count":184,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1758869"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1758869","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"article-number":"1758869"}}