{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T16:59:05Z","timestamp":1771952345429,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Chronic opium use is associated with respiratory impairment and increased risk of respiratory-related mortality. We evaluated whether a structured, breath-centred\n                      <jats:italic>yoga<\/jats:italic>\n                      programme could improve pulmonary function in men with opium dependence.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this single-arm pre\u2013post feasibility study, 38 men were enrolled during a 1-month residential de-addiction programme and 30 completers (mean age 43.5 \u00b1 12.2 years) underwent spirometry at baseline and after a month of twice-daily, instructor-led breath-based\n                      <jats:italic>yoga<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>pranayama<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>asana<\/jats:italic>\n                      -linked breathing, and relaxation). Primary outcomes were within-group changes in forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), FEV\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/FVC, peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), mid-expiratory flows, and estimated lung age; paired t-tests and Cohen\u2019s d were used for inference.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The intervention was associated with statistically significant increases in FVC (2.76 \u00b1 0.94 to 3.37 \u00b1 0.73 L; mean change +0.61 L; p &amp;lt; 0.001; d = 0.88) and PEFR (4.45 \u00b1 1.95 to 6.09 \u00b1 1.97 L\u00b7s\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00b9; +1.64; p &amp;lt; 0.001; d = 0.84), and a moderate increase in FEV\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      (2.34 \u00b1 0.88 to 2.71 \u00b1 0.79 L; +0.37; p = 0.011; d = 0.49). FEV\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/FVC did not change significantly (85.65 \u00b1 9.41% to 82.15 \u00b1 17.55%; p = 0.404). Estimated lung age decreased by a mean of 6.72 years (47.96 \u00b1 16.87 to 41.24 \u00b1 14.00 years; p = 0.003; d = 0.59). No serious adverse events were reported.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A month of structured breath-based\n                      <jats:italic>yoga<\/jats:italic>\n                      produced clinically and statistically meaningful improvements in lung volumes, expiratory flow, and estimated lung age in men with chronic opium dependence. These pilot data support testing this culturally acceptable, low-cost intervention in larger, randomized trials to confirm efficacy, explore mechanisms, and determine durability.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CTRI\/2025\/07\/089999<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1759745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T16:04:58Z","timestamp":1771949098000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Breath restored: yoga-based training lowers estimated lung age among individuals with opium dependence in a residential pre-post study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Arjun Ram","family":"Roj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Yoga, Central University of Rajasthan","place":["Ajmer, India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Surajnath","family":"Siddh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Yoga, Kalinga University","place":["Naya Raipur, India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harish","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Yoga, Central University of Rajasthan","place":["Ajmer, India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dhananjay","family":"Foujdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Yoga, Central University of Rajasthan","place":["Ajmer, India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ekta","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Yoga, Central University of Rajasthan","place":["Ajmer, India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sonu","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences","place":["Bengaluru, India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.M.","family":"Vartika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Yoga, Central University of Rajasthan","place":["Ajmer, India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megha","family":"Pundir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Yoga, Central University of Rajasthan","place":["Ajmer, India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gautam","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Yoga, Central University of Rajasthan","place":["Ajmer, India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarashti","family":"Saini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Yoga, Central University of Rajasthan","place":["Ajmer, India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanjib","family":"Patra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Yoga, Central University of Rajasthan","place":["Ajmer, India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000271","article-title":"Substance use disorders in global mental health delivery: epidemiology, treatment gap, and implementation of evidence-based treatments","volume":"28","author":"Connery","year":"2020","journal-title":"Harv Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"B2","unstructured":"Opioid overdose"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FPUBH.2024.1346109\/BIBTEX","article-title":"Fact vs. fiction: naloxone in the treatment of opioid-induced respiratory depression in the current era of synthetic opioids","volume":"12","author":"Dahan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1152\/JAPPLPHYSIOL.00819.2021","article-title":"Effects of fentanyl overdose-induced muscle rigidity and dexmedetomidine on respiratory mechanics and pulmonary gas exchange in sedated rats","volume":"132","author":"Haouzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1111\/BPH.15580","article-title":"Understanding and countering opioid-induced respiratory depression","volume":"180","author":"Bateman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.4103\/PSYCHIATRY.INDIANJPSYCHIATRY_207_20","article-title":"Substance use in India \u2013 Policy implications","volume":"62","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B7","unstructured":"UNODC - 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