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Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background\/objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Growing evidence emerges that\n                      <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) is associated with mental disorders like anxiety disorders or attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In ADHD patients around 25% suffer from comorbid anxiety disorders. As the impact of a latent\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection on anxiety in adult ADHD remains unknown, this study aims to investigate this relationship.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In a case-control study, including 140 participants, venous blood samples were taken of 70 adult ADHD patients and 70 controls for serological analysis of markers of infection and inflammation (leukocytes, C-reactive protein, anti-\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      immunoglobulin M (IgM) and anti-\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      immunoglobulin G (IgG) (seropositivity), IgG titers (serointensity) as well as anti-\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      IgG avidity. The influences on state and trait anxiety were explored using the State-Trait-Anxiety Inventory (STAI).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Seropositivity was significantly associated with the leukocyte count in all participants (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 140,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.004). Moreover, regression analysis revealed a significant association of seropositivity and serointensity with trait anxiety but not with state anxiety: trait anxiety was significantly lower in seropositive ADHD patients compared to seronegative subjects with ADHD (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 70, p=0.029). In addition, trait anxiety scores decreased in an IgG-dependent manner in all participants (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 140,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.028) as well as in the ADHD group (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 70,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.015). Comorbid anxiety disorders in ADHD were not associated with latent\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our data is the first revealing an association between\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      and trait anxiety in a serointensity-dependent manner in individuals with ADHD. Further research is needed to clarify the clinical impact of the observed lower trait anxiety in individuals with ADHD and latent\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1766562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T06:57:38Z","timestamp":1772693858000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Toxoplasma gondii affects trait anxiety in adult ADHD"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Alexandra P.","family":"Lam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn","place":["Bonn, Germany"]},{"name":"School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg","place":["Oldenburg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelika","family":"Carl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine","place":["Klinikum Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus P.","family":"Kohse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Laboratory Diagnostics and Microbiology, Klinikum Oldenburg, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg","place":["Oldenburg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Philipsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn","place":["Bonn, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28925","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028925","article-title":"The distribution of Toxoplasma gondii cysts in the brain of a mouse with latent toxoplasmosis: implications for the behavioral manipulation hypothesis","volume":"6","author":"Berenreiterova","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1182","article-title":"Fatal attraction in rats infected with Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"267","author":"Berdoy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12423","article-title":"Beyond the association. 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