{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T15:52:40Z","timestamp":1776095560199,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify central and bridge symptoms linking anxiety and depression and to determine intervention\u2010priority symptoms using simulation in Chinese college students with nomophobia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional online survey recruited 1, 638 college students in China who met at least mild criteria for nomophobia. Depressive and anxiety symptoms were assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). Ising networks were estimated for depression, anxiety, and their comorbidity. Expected influence and bridge expected influence were computed, and accuracy and stability were examined via nonparametric and case-dropping bootstraps. Network Intervention simulated analysis, symptom-specific alleviating and aggravating interventions to rank targets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Motor agitation\/retardation (PHQ-8) and restlessness (GAD-5) were the most central symptoms in the depression and anxiety networks and remained central in the comorbidity network. Irritability (GAD-6) and feeling afraid (GAD-7) showed the highest bridge centrality, linking anxiety with depressive symptoms. NIRA indicated that reducing fatigue\/low energy (PHQ-4) and excessive worry (GAD-3) would yield the largest decreases in overall network activation, whereas activating suicidal ideation (PHQ-9) and restlessness (GAD-5) would most strongly aggravate the network. Bootstrap results supported acceptable accuracy and stability (e.g., EI CS-C \u2248.67 for depression;.60 for anxiety; bridge EI CS-C \u2248.44 in the comorbidity network).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Symptom-level analysis highlights actionable leverage points in nomophobia-related comorbidity. Longitudinal and experimental studies are warranted to confirm causal pathways and validate network-informed treatment sequencing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1772083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T15:03:28Z","timestamp":1776092608000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring which symptom should be targeted first in the comorbidity of anxiety and depression among adolescents with nomophobia: insight from a simulation network analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jingwen","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Journalism and Communication, Huaqiao University","place":["Xiamen, Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peipei","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing City Research Center, Party School of Beijing Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China (Beijing Administration Institute)","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rongfeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Vocational University of Engineering Science and Technology","place":["Shanxi, Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaofan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Management, Peking University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Peking University Publishing Research Institute, Peking University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sipu","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shengzhi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Digital Media and Design Arts, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anlun","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Journalism and Communication, Beijing Normal University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12795\/revistafuentes.2024.25252","article-title":"The impact of nomophobia in Spanish university students","volume":"26","author":"Muinos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev Fuentes"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_71_19","article-title":"NOMOPHOBIA: NO MObile PHone phoBIA","volume":"8","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Family Med Primary Care"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/prbm.S416312","article-title":"Psychometric evidence of the arabic version of nomophobia questionnaire among physical education students","volume":"16","author":"Jelleli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol Res Behav Manage"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-023-01154-3","article-title":"Nomophobia questionnaire (NMP-Q) across China, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Iran: confirmatory factor analysis, measurement invariance, and network analysis","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Addict"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.30880\/jtet.2024.16.02.003","article-title":"From pots to phones: A study of nomophobia among catering students","volume":"16","author":"Zakariah","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Tech Educ Training"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.02.059","article-title":"Exploring the dimensions of nomophobia: Development and validation of a self-reported questionnaire","volume":"49","author":"Yildirim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e14284","article-title":"Nomophobia among university students: Prevalence, correlates, and the mediating role of smartphone use between Facebook addiction and nomophobia","volume":"9","author":"Al-Mamun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2017.0113","article-title":"Understanding nomophobia: structural equation modeling and semantic network analysis of smartphone separation anxiety","volume":"20","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. 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