{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T07:36:43Z","timestamp":1774251403737,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Methamphetamine misuse is associated with elevated rates of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), and both conditions degrade fronto-striatal circuitry, primarily demonstrated in animal and post-mortem human studies. Despite this, few clinical studies have examined overlapping presentation, or whether long-term methamphetamine users exhibit a Parkinsonian-like phenotype. To examine whether recently abstinent individuals with methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) show Parkinsonian-like cognitive inflexibility, and whether these deficits vary by sex or patterns of use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty-nine individuals with MUD (26 males, 23 females) were recruited from a 30-day residential treatment program and compared with thirty controls (16 males, 14 females). Cognitive flexibility was assessed using the Trail Making Task (TMT), a task sensitive to fronto-striatal deficits in PD. Between-group differences were tested with a two-way between-groups MANCOVA, within-group sex effects with a two-way within-group MANCOVA, and linear regression evaluated the influence of sex and drug intake patterns on PD-like presentation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both sexes in the methamphetamine group showed significant TMT deficits relative to controls, consistent with PD populations. Age of first use, duration, and amount of methamphetamine used did not impact performance. Intravenous use, however, was linked to more TMT errors in females but not males.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings support literature suggesting methamphetamine use resembles aspects of an early Parkinsonian-like phenotype. To our knowledge, this is among the first studies to show PD-like presentation in individuals with MUD, highlighting that women who inject methamphetamine may face disproportionate PD risk. As cognitive inflexibility can hinder treatment engagement, comprehensive interventions for MUD may need to address these deficits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1773668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T06:42:44Z","timestamp":1774248164000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trail Making Test performance in early abstinence from methamphetamine: human evidence for a drug-associated Parkinsonian-like phenotype"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Alexandru Mihai","family":"Dumitrescu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Louisiana Addiction Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport","place":["Shreveport, LA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport","place":["Shreveport, LA, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. Frances","family":"Vest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louisiana Addiction Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport","place":["Shreveport, LA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport","place":["Shreveport, LA, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annette E.","family":"Fleckenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, University of Utah","place":["Salt Lake City, UT, United States"]},{"name":"Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah","place":["Salt Lake City, UT, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"II","given":"James C.","family":"Patterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport","place":["Shreveport, LA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport","place":["Shreveport, LA, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Ledbetter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louisiana Addiction Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport","place":["Shreveport, LA, United States"]},{"name":"Center for Brain Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport","place":["Shreveport, LA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport","place":["Shreveport, LA, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas E.","family":"Goeders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louisiana Addiction Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport","place":["Shreveport, LA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport","place":["Shreveport, LA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport","place":["Shreveport, LA, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer M.","family":"Loftis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System","place":["Portland, OR, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University","place":["Portland, OR, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University","place":["Portland, OR, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elliot","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport","place":["Shreveport, LA, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katelyn","family":"Lofton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport","place":["Shreveport, LA, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin S.","family":"Murnane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louisiana Addiction Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport","place":["Shreveport, LA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport","place":["Shreveport, LA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport","place":["Shreveport, LA, United States"]},{"name":"Center for Brain Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport","place":["Shreveport, LA, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.10.044","article-title":"Chronic methamphetamine abuse and corticostriatal deficits revealed by neuroimaging","volume":"1628","author":"London","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2023.109764","article-title":"Reduced neural functional connectivity during working memory performance in methamphetamine use disorder","volume":"243","author":"Nestor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390600659384","article-title":"The impact of neuropsychological functioning and depressed mood on functional complaints in HIV-1 infection and methamphetamine dependence","volume":"29","author":"Sadek","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"B4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Regional differences in the drugs most frequently involved in drug overdose deaths: United States, 2017","volume":"68","author":"Hedegaard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"key":"B5","volume-title":"Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2024 National Survey on Drug Use and Health","year":"2025"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.2588","article-title":"Methamphetamine use, methamphetamine use disorder, and associated overdose deaths among US adults","volume":"78","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.013","article-title":"Increased risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease in individuals hospitalized with conditions related to the use of methamphetamine or other amphetamine-type drugs","volume":"120","author":"Callaghan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.10.027","article-title":"Methamphetamine\/amphetamine abuse and risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease in Utah: a population-based assessment","volume":"146","author":"Curtin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol dependence"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16695","article-title":"Rare but relevant: Methamphetamine and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"120","author":"Lappin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.90.15_supplement.P6.079","article-title":"Parkinson Disease from long term drug abuse: Meta-analysis of amphetamine\/methamphetamine and Parkinson Disease (P6. 079)","volume":"90","author":"Tripathi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2011.00035","article-title":"Male\/Female differences in neuroprotection and neuromodulation of brain dopamine","volume":"2","author":"Bourque","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.01771.x","article-title":"Methamphetamine-induced alterations in monoamine transport: implications for neurotoxicity, neuroprotection and treatment","volume":"102","author":"Volz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12628","article-title":"Methamphetamine self-administration results in persistent dopaminergic pathology: implications for Parkinson\u2019s disease risk and reward-seeking","volume":"40","author":"Kousik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108746","article-title":"Gut and brain profiles that resemble pre-motor and early-stage Parkinson\u2019s disease in methamphetamine self-administering rats","volume":"225","author":"Persons","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"B15","first-page":"1","article-title":"96-h methamphetamine self-administration elicits striatal dopamine depletion in male and female rats: a model of binge-like use","author":"Wood","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.47.120505.105140","article-title":"New insights into the mechanism of action of amphetamines","volume":"47","author":"Fleckenstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2504-0","article-title":"Effects of exposure to amphetamine derivatives on passive avoidance performance and the central levels of monoamines and their metabolites in mice: correlations between behavior and neurochemistry","volume":"220","author":"Murnane","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-016-4283-0","article-title":"Chronic methamphetamine self-administration alters cognitive flexibility in male rats","volume":"233","author":"Cox","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081915","article-title":"Association between psychosocial stress and cardiovascular disease in relation to low consumption of fruit and vegetables in middle-aged men","volume":"11","author":"Shin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1997.00550140025008","article-title":"Functional effects of striatal dysfunction in Parkinson disease","volume":"54","author":"Holthoff-Detto","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch neurology"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2008.09.013","article-title":"The cortico-basal ganglia integrative network: the role of the thalamus","volume":"78","author":"Haber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.24.1.167","article-title":"An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function","volume":"24","author":"Miller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2016.12.008","article-title":"Associations of hippocampal subfields in the progression of cognitive decline related to Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Foo","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clinical"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15091207","article-title":"When the mind cannot shift: cognitive flexibility impairments in methamphetamine-dependent individuals","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Behav Sci"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3109\/00952990.2015.1106550","article-title":"Decision-making processes as predictors of relapse and subsequent use in stimulant-dependent patients","volume":"42","author":"Adinoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22786","article-title":"The nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s disease\u2014an overview","volume":"25","author":"Lim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Movement Disord"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70212-X","article-title":"Neuropsychological and clinical heterogeneity of cognitive impairment and dementia in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Kehagia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm111","article-title":"Evolution of cognitive dysfunction in an incident Parkinson\u2019s disease cohort","volume":"130","author":"Williams-Gray","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300889","article-title":"Profile of executive and memory function associated with amphetamine and opiate dependence","volume":"31","author":"Ersche","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00204-X","article-title":"Investigating the neurocognitive deficits associated with chronic drug misuse","volume":"11","author":"Rogers","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1080\/0014013031000061640","article-title":"Cognitive flexibility and adaptability to environmental changes in dynamic complex problem-solving tasks","volume":"46","author":"Canas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23868","article-title":"Executive functions in Parkinson\u2019s disease: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Kudlicka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032012","article-title":"Frontostriatal and mediotemporal lobe contributions to implicit higher-order spatial sequence learning declines in aging and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"127","author":"Schendan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0264-07.2007","article-title":"Why don\u2019t we move faster? Parkinson\u2019s disease, movement vigor, and implicit motivation","volume":"27","author":"Mazzoni","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2011.05.008","article-title":"A brief review of cognitive assessment in neurotoxicology","volume":"29","author":"Han","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurologic clinics"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2007.11.005","article-title":"Trail Making Test errors in normal aging, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia","volume":"23","author":"Ashendorf","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychology"},{"key":"B37","volume-title":"The Halstead\u2013Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery: Research findings and clinical application","author":"Reitan","year":"2001"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/1380-3395(200008)22:4;1-0;FT518","article-title":"Trail making test, part B as a measure of executive control: validation using a set-switching paradigm","volume":"22","author":"Arbuthnott","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"B39","volume-title":"Neuropsychological assessment","author":"Lezak","year":"2004"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1159\/000338264","article-title":"Relationships between cognitive functions and driving behavior in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"68","author":"Ranchet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2013.798397","article-title":"The contribution of trail making to the prediction of performance-based instrumental activities of daily living in Parkinson\u2019s disease without dementia","volume":"35","author":"Higginson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2021.04.013","article-title":"Dual-task intervention based on trail making test: Effects on Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"27","author":"Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Bodyw Mov Ther"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1159\/000515940","article-title":"Evaluation of motor and cognitive performance in people with parkinson\u2019s disease using instrumented trail-making test","volume":"68","author":"Mishra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2022.2147837","article-title":"Which motor-cognitive abilities underlie the digital Trail-Making Test? Decomposing various test scores to detect cognitive impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease-Pilot study","volume":"32","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl Neuropsychol Adult"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001969","article-title":"Racial and ethnic differences in heroin, methamphetamine, and cocaine use, treatment, and mortality trends in 3 national data sources\u2014United states, 2010-2019","volume":"62","author":"Shearer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11782218231180043","DOI":"10.1177\/11782218231180043","article-title":"Exploring gender and ethnoracial differences and trends in methamphetamine treatment","volume":"17","author":"Guerrero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Subst abuse: Res Treat"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.0382","article-title":"Substance use among American Indian youths on reservations compared with a national sample of US adolescents","volume":"1","author":"Swaim","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA network Open"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-021-00743-4","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidity and psychopathology of methamphetamine users\u2014are there gender differences","volume":"21","author":"Franke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Addict"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.13501","article-title":"Gender differences in the prevalence of stimulant misuse in the United States: 2015\u20132019","volume":"33","author":"McHugh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J addictions"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1604252","article-title":"Individuals recently abstinent from methamphetamine show selective cognitive and behavioral differences when compared to age-matched controls","volume":"16","author":"Vest","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.01.039","article-title":"Enlarged striatum in abstinent methamphetamine abusers: a possible compensatory response","volume":"57","author":"Chang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B52","volume-title":"Quick structured clinical interview for DSM-5","author":"First","year":"2022"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G* Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/014466503321903544","article-title":"The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS): Normative data and latent structure in a large non-clinical sample","volume":"42","author":"Crawford","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"B55","volume-title":"Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales","author":"Lovibond","year":"1995"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03195502","article-title":"A simple and sensitive method to measure timing accuracy","volume":"35","author":"De Clercq","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods Instruments Computers"},{"key":"B57","volume-title":"SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS","author":"Pallant","year":"2011"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"2013"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2017.1355919","article-title":"Neuropsychological comparisons of cocaine versus methamphetamine users: A research synthesis and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Hall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.276","article-title":"Is cognitive functioning impaired in methamphetamine users? A critical review","volume":"37","author":"Hart","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511806384","volume-title":"Experimental design and data analysis for biologists","author":"Quinn","year":"2002"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2006.01141.x","article-title":"Why do we still use stepwise modelling in ecology and behaviour","volume":"75","author":"Whittingham","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Anim Ecol"},{"key":"B63","first-page":"12","article-title":"Cognitive flexibility, attention and speed of mental processing in opioid and methamphetamine addicts in comparison with non-addicts","volume":"2","author":"Hekmat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Basic Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(198707)43:4<402::AID-JCLP2270430411>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Relationships between parts A and B of the trail making test","volume":"43","author":"Corrigan","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3008-08.2008","article-title":"Increased vesicular monoamine transporter binding during early abstinence in human methamphetamine users: Is VMAT2 a stable dopamine neuron biomarker","volume":"28","author":"Boileau","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0494-0","article-title":"Neuropsychological function and delay discounting in methamphetamine-dependent individuals","volume":"188","author":"Hoffman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol (Berl)"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0330-6","article-title":"Cognitive function and nigrostriatal markers in abstinent methamphetamine abusers","volume":"185","author":"Johanson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol (Berl)"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300699","article-title":"Frontal glucose hypometabolism in abstinent methamphetamine users","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490050148053","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in individuals currently using methamphetamine","volume":"9","author":"Simon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1511480","article-title":"Neurobiologic advances from the brain disease model of addiction","volume":"374","author":"Volkow","year":"2016","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.2007.19.3.298","article-title":"Pathological gamblers demonstrate frontal lobe impairment consistent with that of methamphetamine-dependent individuals","volume":"19","author":"Kalechstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.12.2503","article-title":"Mechanisms of cognitive set flexibility in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"124","author":"Cools","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2016.09.021","article-title":"Neural mechanisms underlying cognitive inflexibility in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"93","author":"Lange","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2025.1580376","article-title":"Executive dysfunctions impair and levodopa improves articulatory timing in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"Herbig","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.621603","article-title":"Cognitive and behavioral inhibition deficits in Parkinson\u2019s disease: The hayling test as a reliable marker","volume":"12","author":"Siquier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968319883878","article-title":"Context-dependent behavior in Parkinson\u2019s disease with freezing of gait","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurorehabilitation Neural Repair"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-013-1004-2","article-title":"Diagnostic and screening power of neuropsychological testing in detecting mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"120","author":"Biundo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neural Transmission"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1579","article-title":"Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: from actions to habits to compulsion","volume":"8","author":"Everitt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2010.01.013","article-title":"Effect of methamphetamine dependence on everyday functional ability","volume":"35","author":"Henry","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2010.06.027","article-title":"Impairments of facial emotion recognition and theory of mind in methamphetamine abusers","volume":"186","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(00)00136-6","article-title":"Decision-making deficits, linked to a dysfunctional ventromedial prefrontal cortex, revealed in alcohol and stimulant abusers","volume":"39","author":"Bechara","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/10.3.334","article-title":"Orbitofrontal cortex and human drug abuse: functional imaging","volume":"10","author":"London","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cereb cortex"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-007-1051-1","article-title":"Chronic cocaine but not chronic amphetamine use is associated with perseverative responding in humans","volume":"197","author":"Ersche","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881105057000","article-title":"Polydrug abusers display impaired discrimination-reversal learning in a model of behavioural control","volume":"20","author":"Fillmore","year":"2006","journal-title":"J psychopharmacology"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.534807","article-title":"Withdrawal from cocaine self-administration produces long-lasting deficits in orbitofrontal-dependent reversal learning in rats","volume":"14","author":"Calu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Learn memory"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2004.03274.x","article-title":"Cocaine-experienced rats exhibit learning deficits in a task sensitive to orbitofrontal cortex lesions","volume":"19","author":"Schoenbaum","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13004","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.13004","article-title":"Impaired cognitive flexibility and heightened urgency are associated with increased alcohol consumption in rodent models of excessive drinking","volume":"26","author":"De Falco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2022.03.003","article-title":"Individual differences in behavioral flexibility predict future volitional ethanol consumption in mice","volume":"101","author":"Rodberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.20471","article-title":"Persistent cognitive and dopamine transporter deficits in abstinent methamphetamine users","volume":"62","author":"McCann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4927(02)00004-5","article-title":"Perfusion MRI and computerized cognitive test abnormalities in abstinent methamphetamine users","volume":"114","author":"Chang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0713-04.2004","article-title":"Structural abnormalities in the brains of human subjects who use methamphetamine","volume":"24","author":"Thompson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.15.2.215","article-title":"Methamphetamine dependence is associated with neurocognitive impairment in the initial phases of abstinence","volume":"15","author":"Kalechstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B93","article-title":"Neurotoxicity of methamphetamine and related drugs","author":"Seiden","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology: third generation Prog"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.3.377","article-title":"Association of dopamine transporter reduction with psychomotor impairment in methamphetamine abusers","volume":"158","author":"Volkow","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.04837.x","article-title":"A rapid oxidation and persistent decrease in the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 after methamphetamine","volume":"103","author":"Eyerman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J neurochemistry"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2020.044","article-title":"Methamphetamine-induced neuronal damage: neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomolecules Ther"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.122.567000","article-title":"Methamphetamine Route of Administration has a Disproportionate Impact on Females than Males","volume":"385","author":"Vest","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-024-06638-1","article-title":"Sex differences in behavior, cognitive, and physiological recovery following methamphetamine administration","volume":"241","author":"Armenta-Resendiz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12439","article-title":"Acute parkinsonism and basal ganglia damage from crystal methamphetamine","volume":"4","author":"Deeb","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X21666230907151226","article-title":"The common denominators of parkinson\u2019s disease pathogenesis and methamphetamine abuse","volume":"22","author":"Vincent","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-014-1349-1","article-title":"Cognitive function and other non-motor features in non-demented Parkinson\u2019s disease motor subtypes","volume":"122","author":"Herman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000112","article-title":"Premotor and nonmotor features of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"27","author":"Goldman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin neurology"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5507\/bp.2021.002","article-title":"Premotor Parkinson\u2019s disease: Overview of clinical symptoms and current diagnostic methods","volume":"165","author":"Kaiserova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed Papers Med Faculty Palacky Univ Olomouc"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjno-2020-000112","article-title":"Cognitive function in men with non-motor features of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"3","author":"Flores-Torres","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Neurol Open"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03433.x","article-title":"Methamphetamine users show greater than normal age-related cortical gray matter loss","volume":"106","author":"Nakama","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2024.111107","article-title":"Structural indices of brain aging in methamphetamine use disorder","volume":"256","author":"Petzold","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2021.107831","article-title":"Targeting mGlu5 for methamphetamine use disorder","volume":"224","author":"Petzold","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034299","article-title":"Extinction-dependent alterations in corticostriatal mGluR2\/3 and mGluR7 receptors following chronic methamphetamine self-administration in rats","volume":"7","author":"Schwendt","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.231","article-title":"Dysregulation of dopamine and glutamate release in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens following methamphetamine self-administration and during reinstatement in rats","volume":"39","author":"Parsegian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.121.000767","article-title":"Methamphetamine dysregulation of the central nervous system and peripheral immunity","volume":"379","author":"Miller","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00162","article-title":"The role of the GABA system in amphetamine-type stimulant use disorders","volume":"9","author":"Jiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13879","article-title":"Synaptic function and plasticity in identified inhibitory inputs onto VTA dopamine neurons","volume":"47","author":"Polter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.13026","article-title":"GABAergic projections to the ventral tegmental area govern cocaine-conditioned reward","volume":"26","author":"Weitz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2024.1271654","article-title":"Activation of nucleus accumbens projections to the ventral tegmental area alters molecular signaling and neurotransmission in the reward system","volume":"17","author":"Khayat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182840678","article-title":"Trial of CBT for impulse control behaviors affecting Parkinson patients and their caregivers","volume":"80","author":"Okai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2012.10.004","article-title":"The role of cognitive flexibility in cognitive restructuring skill acquisition among older adults","volume":"27","author":"Johnco","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.12.028","article-title":"Repeated stimulation of the dorsolateral-prefrontal cortex improves executive dysfunctions and craving in drug addiction: A randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study","volume":"13","author":"Alizadehgoradel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain stimulation"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crneur.2022.100039","article-title":"A mind in motion: Exercise improves cognitive flexibility, impulsivity and alters dopamine receptor gene expression in a Parkinsonian rat model","volume":"3","author":"Zhuo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Res Neurobiology"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390600582446","article-title":"Executive functions among individuals with methamphetamine or alcohol as drugs of choice: preliminary observations","volume":"29","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Exp neuropsychology"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.07.031","article-title":"Attentional control and brain metabolite levels in methamphetamine abusers","volume":"61","author":"Salo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2018.e00509","article-title":"Chronic voluntary oral methamphetamine induces deficits in spatial learning and hippocampal protein kinase Mzeta with enhanced astrogliosis and cyclooxygenase-2 levels","volume":"4","author":"Avila","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2016.02.012","article-title":"Methamphetamine abstinence induces changes in \u03bc-opioid receptor, oxytocin and CRF systems: Association with an anxiogenic phenotype","volume":"105","author":"Georgiou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1773668\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T06:42:49Z","timestamp":1774248169000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1773668\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"references-count":122,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1773668"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1773668","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"article-number":"1773668"}}