{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T23:47:54Z","timestamp":1790725674715,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cannabis use has increased across Europe over the last decade, accompanied by growing availability of high-potency THC products and rising psychiatric presentations. Despite these trends, European countries differ substantially in monitoring systems, clinical preparedness and public health responses. These disparities are especially visible between Western Europe, which has more developed pharmacovigilance systems, diagnostic networks, and addiction psychiatry services, and other regions. Compared with other regions, in Central and Eastern Europe cannabis-related psychiatric complications remain systematically underestimated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a narrative review of peer-reviewed literature, epidemiological reports and national health data published between 2010 and 2025. Sources included EMCDDA, WHO Europe, national statistical agencies and clinical studies on psychiatric outcomes associated with cannabis use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit psychoactive substance in Europe, with higher prevalence in Western countries but rapid growth across Central and Eastern Europe. The proliferation of high-potency cannabis (&amp;gt;15\u201325%) is consistently linked to elevated risks of psychosis, anxiety, panic symptoms, derealisation episodes and cannabis use disorder. Western Europe demonstrates better detection of cannabis-related psychiatric presentations, whereas Central and Eastern Europe show a hidden clinical burden driven by stigma, limited screening, inconsistent diagnostic practices and the absence of structured monitoring systems. Health systems vary widely in preparedness, particularly regarding early identification of high-risk use, addiction psychiatry integration and routine collection of psychiatric outcome data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cannabis use is linked to a growing mental health burden in Europe. Stronger THC products and uneven health systems make this problem worse. In Central and Eastern Europe, many cannabis-related mental health problems are missed or not reported. Better monitoring, clearer diagnostic rules, and coordinated action across Europe are needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1778831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T05:42:24Z","timestamp":1781070144000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mental health consequences of contemporary cannabis use in Europe: potency, patterns of use, and health system context"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Justyna","family":"\u015aniadach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, The Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok","place":["Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylwia","family":"Szymkowiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hipolit Cegielski Medical Centre (Centrum Medyczne HCP)","place":["Pozna\u0144, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Przemys\u0142aw","family":"Osip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hipolit Cegielski Medical Centre (Centrum Medyczne HCP)","place":["Pozna\u0144, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wiktor","family":"Orlof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, The Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok","place":["Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Napoleon","family":"Waszkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, The Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok","place":["Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"European Drug Report 2015: Trends and developments\n          \n          2015"},{"key":"B2","volume-title":"European drug report 2023","year":"2023"},{"key":"B3","volume-title":"Cannabis policy impacts public health and health equity","author":"Boyle","year":"2024"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100227","article-title":"Public health monitoring of cannabis use in Europe: prevalence of use, cannabis potency, and treatment rates","volume":"4","author":"Manthey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Region Health \u2013 Europe"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18105174","article-title":"Cannabis policy changes and adolescent cannabis use: evidence from Europe","volume":"18","author":"Benedetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.004","article-title":"New trends in cannabis potency in USA, 2008\u20132017","volume":"4","author":"Chandra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cognit Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"B7","volume-title":"European drug report 2022: trends and developments","year":"2022"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30048-3","article-title":"The contribution of cannabis use to variation in the incidence of psychotic disorder across Europe (EU-GEI): a multicentre case-control study","volume":"6","author":"Di Forti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.3554","article-title":"Treated incidence of psychotic disorders in the multinational EU-GEI study","volume":"75","author":"Jongsma","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbw003","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the association between the level of cannabis use and risk of psychosis","volume":"42","author":"Marconi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30272-X","article-title":"Association of high-potency cannabis use with mental health and substance use in adolescence: a cross-sectional analysis","volume":"7","author":"Hines","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-019-01068-z","article-title":"Cannabis use and psychosis: a review of reviews","volume":"270","author":"Hasan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.01.013","article-title":"Is policy \u2018liberalization\u2019 associated with higher odds of adolescent cannabis use? 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