{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T03:11:09Z","timestamp":1777864269246,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017531","name":"Medical and Health Research Project of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025HY0646"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025HY0646"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017531","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003786","name":"Hangzhou Science and Technology Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003786","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is heterogeneous, yet clinically useful exploratory subgrouping remains limited. We examined whether motivational and addiction-like features could delineate meaningful data-driven NSSI profiles and relate to clinically relevant outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We clustered six motive dimensions of the Ottawa Self-Injury Inventory (OSI; F1\u2013F6) and an addiction-like score in adolescents (N\u00a0=\u00a0311; age range: 12\u201321 years; mean age = 15.15 years, SD\u00a0=\u00a02.60). A three-cluster solution was retained based on a multi-criterion evaluation of internal fit indices, cluster-size balance, and clinical interpretability, with the WCSS elbow plot showing a clear inflection at k = 3. Outcomes were tested in age\/sex-adjusted models (ordinal frequency and pain via proportional-odds; Patient Health Questionnaire-9[PHQ-9]\/Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7[GAD-7] scores were standardized in the full sample [n = 311]).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three data-driven profiles emerged: Emotion-regulation (n = 112), Multi-motivated\/high-addiction (n = 79), and Lower-severity (n = 120). Versus Lower-severity, both higher-severity clusters showed higher monthly (OR\u00a0=\u00a03.58 and 2.38) and yearly NSSI frequency (OR\u00a0=\u00a02.91 and 1.96). Pain perception was lower in the high-addiction cluster (OR\u00a0=\u00a00.49). PHQ-9 and GAD-7 were higher in the high-addiction cluster, and GAD-7 was also higher in the emotion-regulation cluster.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Motivational\u2013addictive features identified interpretable, data-driven NSSI profiles associated with frequency, pain, and affective symptoms; these exploratory profiles require replication, longitudinal follow-up, and independent validation before further clinical inferences can be drawn.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1785425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T05:39:13Z","timestamp":1777527553000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Motivational\u2013addictive profiles of nonsuicidal self-injury in Chinese youth: a cluster analysis with validation using external correlates"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Mengying","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of the Fourth Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People\u2019s Hospital, Westlake University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jialing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People\u2019s Hospital, Westlake University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haisheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People\u2019s Hospital, Westlake University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People\u2019s Hospital, Westlake University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenyi","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaoxing Seventh People\u2019s Hospital, Affiliated Mental Health Center, Medical College of Shaoxing University","place":["Shaoxing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of the Fourth Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","place":["Hangzhou, 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