{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T06:46:46Z","timestamp":1776840406610,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Social media addiction (SMA) is often comorbid with anxiety and depression. This study examined the temporal stability of core SMA symptoms and the bridging symptoms with anxiety and depression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 1,240 adolescents (179 males, 1,061 females; mean age = 15.46 \u00b1 0.63 years, age range: 14 \u2013 18) completed the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), the Patient Health Questionnaire\u20139 (PHQ\u20139), and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder\u20137 (GAD\u20137) on two separate occasions in 2023 (T1) and 2024 (T2). The four symptom networks, including the BSMAS networks, two comorbidity networks (the BSMAS\u2013GAD and the BSMAS\u2013PHQ), and the integrated BSMAS\u2013GAD\u2013PHQ network, were estimated using Gaussian graphical models. Core symptom centrality was assessed using Expected Influence (EI), whereas bridge symptoms were identified using Bridge Expected Influence (BEI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      1) Although SMA, anxiety, and depression levels of respondents rose significantly over the year, all four networks showed strong temporal stability, with the edge weights (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0= .892 \u2013.973,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&amp;lt; .001), the EI (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .806 \u2013 .961,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2264 .002), and the BEI (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .699 \u2013 .804,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2264 .008) highly correlated between T1 and T2; network comparison tests showed no significant changes in overall structures of all four networks, with most edges showing stable weights. 2) Within the BSMAS network, BSMAS2 (tolerance) and BSMAS6 (conflict) exhibited the highest EI at both time points. 3) In the comorbidity networks, BSMAS3 (mood modification), BSMAS5 (withdrawal), and BSMAS6 (conflict) consistently served as bridge symptoms on the SMA side at both T1 and T2. 4) Across both time points, PHQ1 (anhedonia) and PHQ7 (concentration problems) exhibited the highest BEI on the depression side, whereas GAD1 (nervousness) and GAD5 (restlessness) did so on the anxiety side. 5) These bridge symptoms were also confirmed in the integrated network.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings illuminate the temporal persistence and development of symptom relationships, offering a more dynamic understanding of SMA\u2013depression\u2013anxiety comorbidity in adolescents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1785472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T05:48:59Z","timestamp":1776836939000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The temporal stability of core symptoms of social media addiction and their comorbidity with anxiety and depression in adolescents: a longitudinal network analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Wenxin","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University","place":["Luzhou, China"]},{"name":"Fundamental and Clinical Research on Mental Disorders Key Laboratory of Luzhou City","place":["Luzhou, China"]},{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University","place":["Luzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University","place":["Luzhou, China"]},{"name":"Fundamental and Clinical Research on Mental Disorders Key Laboratory of Luzhou City","place":["Luzhou, China"]},{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University","place":["Luzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chi","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University","place":["Luzhou, China"]},{"name":"Fundamental and Clinical Research on Mental Disorders Key Laboratory of Luzhou City","place":["Luzhou, China"]},{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University","place":["Luzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhibin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University","place":["Luzhou, China"]},{"name":"Fundamental and Clinical Research on Mental Disorders Key Laboratory of Luzhou City","place":["Luzhou, China"]},{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University","place":["Luzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University","place":["Luzhou, China"]},{"name":"Fundamental and Clinical Research on Mental Disorders Key Laboratory of Luzhou City","place":["Luzhou, China"]},{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University","place":["Luzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haolin","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University","place":["Luzhou, China"]},{"name":"Fundamental and Clinical Research on Mental Disorders Key Laboratory of Luzhou City","place":["Luzhou, China"]},{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University","place":["Luzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yueshan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University","place":["Luzhou, China"]},{"name":"Fundamental and Clinical Research on Mental Disorders Key Laboratory of Luzhou City","place":["Luzhou, China"]},{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University","place":["Luzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanli","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University","place":["Luzhou, China"]},{"name":"Fundamental and Clinical Research on Mental Disorders Key Laboratory of Luzhou City","place":["Luzhou, China"]},{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University","place":["Luzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kezhi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University","place":["Luzhou, China"]},{"name":"Fundamental and Clinical Research on Mental Disorders Key Laboratory of Luzhou City","place":["Luzhou, China"]},{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University","place":["Luzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University","place":["Luzhou, China"]},{"name":"Fundamental and Clinical Research on Mental Disorders Key Laboratory of Luzhou City","place":["Luzhou, China"]},{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University","place":["Luzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University","place":["Luzhou, China"]},{"name":"Fundamental and Clinical Research on Mental Disorders Key Laboratory of Luzhou City","place":["Luzhou, China"]},{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University","place":["Luzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Digital 2025: global overview report\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000160","article-title":"The relationship between addictive use of social media and video games and symptoms of psychiatric disorders: A large-scale cross-sectional study","volume":"30","author":"Andreassen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol Addictive Behav"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8093528","article-title":"Online social networking and addiction\u2014a review of the psychological literature","volume":"8","author":"Kuss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.106845","article-title":"Prevalence of social media addiction across 32 nations: Meta-analysis with subgroup analysis of classification schemes and cultural values","volume":"117","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"B5","unstructured":"Adolescent mental health\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.8.807","article-title":"Prevalence and co-occurrence of substance use disorders and independentmood and anxiety disorders: Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions","volume":"61","author":"Grant","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.01.141","article-title":"Prevalence of comorbid substance use in major depressive disorder in community and clinical settings 1990\u20132019: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"266","author":"Hunt","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1990.03450190043026","article-title":"Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse: Results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study","volume":"264","author":"Regier","year":"1990","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00686","article-title":"Problematic social networking site use and comorbid psychiatric disorders: A systematic review of recent large-scale studies","volume":"9","author":"Hussain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/02673843.2019.1590851","article-title":"A systematic review: the influence of social media on depression, anxiety and psychological distress in adolescents","volume":"25","author":"Keles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Adolescence Youth"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/33450","article-title":"Problematic social media use in adolescents and young adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Shannon","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Ment Health"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bs13060475","article-title":"Social media use and depression in adolescents: a scoping review","volume":"13","author":"Azem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behav Sci"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-021-01561-6","article-title":"Adolescent social media use: Pitfalls and promises in relation to cybervictimization, friend support, and depressive symptoms","volume":"51","author":"Fredrick","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.10.007","article-title":"The associations between problematic Facebook use, psychological distress and well-being among adolescents and young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"226","author":"Marino","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-025-01819-1","article-title":"Adolescent social media use and depression: A person-centered approach","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2021.0300","article-title":"Problematic social media use and its relationship with depression or anxiety: A systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Lopes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000111","article-title":"Anxiety and depression as bidirectional risk factors for one another: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies","volume":"143","author":"Jacobson","year":"2017","journal-title":"psychol Bull"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S450217","article-title":"Longitudinal problematic social media use in students and its association with negative mental health outcomes","volume":"17","author":"Shannon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol Res Behav Manage"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2511704","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.11704","article-title":"Social media use and depressive symptoms during early adolescence","volume":"8","author":"Nagata","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20375","article-title":"A network theory of mental disorders","volume":"16","author":"Borsboom","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2019.1672515","article-title":"Latent variable models and networks: Statistical equivalence and testability","volume":"56","author":"van Bork","year":"2021","journal-title":"Multivar Behav Res"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2016.06.006","article-title":"Can network analysis transform psychopathology","volume":"86","author":"McNally","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719003404","article-title":"The network approach to psychopathology: A review of the literature 2008\u20132018 and an agenda for future research","volume":"50","author":"Robinaugh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2019.1614898","article-title":"Bridge centrality: A network approach to understanding comorbidity","volume":"56","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Multivariate Behav Res"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.23136","article-title":"Unraveling the comorbidity of depression and anxiety in a large inpatient sample: Network analysis to examine bridge symptoms","volume":"38","author":"Kaiser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Depression Anxiety"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1037\/XGE0000528","article-title":"Social media and depression symptoms: A network perspective","volume":"148","author":"Aalbers","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Exp Psychology: Gen"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076231158036","article-title":"Network analysis of internet gaming disorder, problematic social media use, problematic smartphone use, psychological distress, and meaning in life among adolescents","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"DIGITAL Health"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-024-01296-y","article-title":"Problematic online behaviors among university students and associations with psychological distress symptoms and emotional role limitations: A network analysis approach","volume":"23","author":"Sanchez-Fernandez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Addict"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-025-01446-w","article-title":"Problematic social media use and psychological distress: A symptom-focused network analysis","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Addict"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-04985-5","article-title":"Conceptualizing social media addiction: A longitudinal network analysis of social media addiction symptoms and their relationships with psychological distress in a community sample of adults","volume":"23","author":"Tullett-Prado","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e41869","article-title":"The relationships between mental health and social media addiction, and between academic burnout and social media addiction among Chinese college students: A network analysis","volume":"11","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1533757","article-title":"Understanding the complex network of anxiety, depression, sleep problems, and smartphone addiction among college art students using network analysis","volume":"16","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714001809","article-title":"Revealing the dynamic network structure of the Beck Depression Inventory-II","volume":"45","author":"Bringmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691617705892","article-title":"Moving forward: Challenges and directions for psychopathological network theory and methodology","volume":"12","author":"Fried","year":"2017","journal-title":"Perspect psychol Sci"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.02.062","article-title":"Exploring comorbidity between anxiety and depression among migrant Filipino domestic workers: a network approach","volume":"250","author":"Garabiles","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2025.00054","article-title":"Trajectory of internet gaming disorder among Chinese adolescents: Course, predictors, and long-term mental health outcomes","volume":"14","author":"Peng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Behav Addict"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.06.032","article-title":"The Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model for addictive behaviors: Update, generalization to addictive behaviors beyond internet-use disorders, and specification of the process character of addictive behaviors","volume":"104","author":"Brand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108446","article-title":"Longitudinal associations between problematic social media use and mental health: Mediating role of sleep","volume":"170","author":"Ahmed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106480","article-title":"Do men become addicted to internet gaming and women to social media? A meta-analysis examining gender-related differences in specific internet addiction","volume":"113","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2016.03.006","article-title":"The relationship between addictive use of social media, narcissism, and self-esteem: Findings from a large national survey","volume":"64","author":"Andreassen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-05709-z","article-title":"Social media addiction: associations with attachment style, mental distress, and personality","volume":"24","author":"Eichenberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-200107000-00021","article-title":"Validation and utility of the patient health questionnaire in diagnosing mental disorders in 1003 general hospital Spanish inpatients","volume":"63","author":"Diez-Quevedo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychosomatic Med"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ\u20109: validity of a brief depression severity measure","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gen Internal Med"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02885-6","article-title":"The reliability and validity of PHQ-9 in patients with major depressive disorder in psychiatric hospital","volume":"20","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Internal Med"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9121709","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the generalized anxiety disorder scale-7 item (GAD-7) in a large sample of Chinese adolescents","volume":"9","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-017-0862-1","article-title":"Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: A tutorial paper","volume":"50","author":"Epskamp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i04","article-title":"qgraph: network visualizations of relationships in psychometric data","volume":"48","author":"Epskamp","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Stat Software"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/spe.4380211102","article-title":"Graph drawing by force\u2010directed placement","volume":"21","author":"Fruchterman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Software: Pract Exp"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000446","article-title":"What do centrality measures measure in psychological networks","volume":"128","author":"Bringmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Abnormal Psychol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000476","article-title":"Comparing network structures on three aspects: A permutation test","volume":"28","author":"Van Borkulo","year":"2023","journal-title":"psychol Methods"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"2013"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.100925","article-title":"Longitudinal associations between problematic social media use and depressive symptoms in adolescent girls","volume":"15","author":"Raudsepp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106270","article-title":"Longitudinal association between social media use and psychological distress among adolescents","volume":"141","author":"Thorisdottir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-024-01705-w","article-title":"Association between problematic social networking use and anxiety symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Du","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Psychol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.06.014","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the association between adolescent social media use and depressive symptoms","volume":"275","author":"Ivie","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2005.07.002","article-title":"Distinguishing addiction and high engagement in the context of online game playing","volume":"23","author":"Charlton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14030311","article-title":"Social networking sites and addiction: Ten lessons learned","volume":"14","author":"Kuss","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B59","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","year":"2013"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14659890500114359","article-title":"A \u2018components\u2019 model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework","volume":"10","author":"Griffiths","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Subst Use"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2025.00073","article-title":"Salience and tolerance are not indicators of problematic social media use: Evidence from the Social Media Disorder Scale and the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale","volume":"14","author":"Ciudad-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Behav Addict"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2023.107694","article-title":"Deconstructing the components model of addiction: An illustration through \u201caddictive\u201d use of social media","volume":"143","author":"Fournier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2022.107400","article-title":"Problematic use or addiction? A scoping review on conceptual and operational definitions of negative social networking sites use in adolescents","volume":"134","author":"Varona","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.6.2017.071","article-title":"Psychometric validation of the Persian Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale using classic test theory and Rasch models","volume":"6","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Behav Addict"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-04837-2","article-title":"Six addiction components of problematic social media use in relation to depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms: A latent profile analysis and network analysis","volume":"23","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abrep.2022.100406","article-title":"Unravelling the web of addictions: A network analysis approach","volume":"15","author":"Zarate","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addict Behav Rep"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abrep.2023.100479","article-title":"Social media use and abuse: Different profiles of users and their associations with addictive behaviors","volume":"17","author":"Tullett-Prado","year":"2023","journal-title":"Addict Behav Rep"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1558276","article-title":"Symptom-level interactions between anxiety and internet addiction in Chinese adolescents: A large-scale network and residence difference analysis","volume":"16","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2013.02.014","article-title":"Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out","volume":"29","author":"Przybylski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106335","article-title":"Depression, anxiety and fear of missing out as correlates of social, non-social and problematic smartphone use","volume":"105","author":"Elhai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.981136","article-title":"Escaping negative moods and concentration problems play bridge roles in the symptom network of problematic smartphone use and depression","volume":"10","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.04.019","article-title":"Longitudinal associations between anhedonia and internet-related addictive behaviors in emerging adults","volume":"62","author":"Guillot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.997593","article-title":"Mapping network connectivity between internet addiction and residual depressive symptoms in patients with depression","volume":"13","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2000.10736099","article-title":"The reward deficiency syndrome: a biogenetic model for the diagnosis and treatment of impulsive, addictive and compulsive behaviors","volume":"32","author":"Blum","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Psychoact Drugs"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11092469","article-title":"From reward to anhedonia-dopamine function in the global mental health context","volume":"11","author":"Dresp-Langley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.02.001","article-title":"The interplay between cognitive risk and resilience factors in remitted depression: A network analysis","volume":"195","author":"Hoorelbeke","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107424","article-title":"Network analysis of internet addiction and depression among Chinese college students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal study","volume":"138","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.focus.20200050","article-title":"An answer to \"So what?\" Implications of network theory for research and practice","volume":"19","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ)"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21017","article-title":"New trends in network modeling of psychopathology","volume":"21","author":"Epskamp","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2019.01.007","article-title":"Between vulnerability and resilience: A network analysis of fluctuations in cognitive risk and protective factors following remission from depression","volume":"116","author":"Hoorelbeke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09738-7","article-title":"Gender differences of depression and anxiety among social media users during the COVID-19 outbreak in China: a cross-sectional study","volume":"20","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2020.110094","article-title":"Gender differences in the mediating effects of emotion-regulation strategies: Forgiveness and depression among adolescents","volume":"163","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702617744325","article-title":"Personalized network modeling in psychopathology: The importance of contemporaneous and temporal connections","volume":"6","author":"Epskamp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin psychol Sci"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716002300","article-title":"Network analysis of depression and anxiety symptom relationships in a psychiatric sample","volume":"46","author":"Beard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1785472\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T05:49:04Z","timestamp":1776836944000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1785472\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"references-count":84,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1785472"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1785472","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"article-number":"1785472"}}