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Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Autism and ADHD frequently co-occur and each of them are overrepresented in clinical eating disorder (ED) services, where they are associated with longer treatment, poorer treatment experiences, and worse clinical outcomes. Separately, Autistic and ADHD patients with EDs present with greater ED psychopathology, anxiety, and depression. Autistic patients also present with poorer quality of life, increased suicide attempts, and greater functional difficulties. However, no study has directly compared patients with EDs who are both Autistic and ADHD (AuDHD) with Autistic-only, ADHD-only, or neurotypical patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional, observational study compared ED psychopathology (EDE-Q), psychological distress (CORE10), and work and social functioning (WSAS) across adult ED patients reporting suspected or known Autism, ADHD, both, or neither. No formal hypotheses were pre-specified. Data were three-years of routinely collected intake information from a specialist adult ED service. Patients were classified as Autistic or ADHD if they reported a diagnosis\/suspicion at intake, or, for ADHD, if they reported ADHD medication.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 1,252 patients, 32 (2.6%) were classified as AuDHD, 45 (3.5%) as Autistic-only, and 81 (6.5%) as ADHD-only. Group differences were small but consistent. EDE-Q scores were highest in the ADHD-only group and lowest in the Neither group ((M\u00a0=\u00a04.24\n                      <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>\n                      M\u00a0=\u00a03.85, f=0.07). CORE10 and WSAS scores were highest in AuDHD and lowest in Neither (M\u00a0=\u00a024.16\n                      <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>\n                      M\u00a0=\u00a020.1, f=0.12; M\u00a0=\u00a026.56\n                      <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>\n                      M\u00a0=\u00a020.06, f=0.16).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Autistic and\/or ADHD patients with EDs showed greater psychological distress, and poorer functioning, particularly when both were present. ADHD was particularly linked to increased ED psychopathology. Screening for neurodivergence in ED services may support person-centred care and improve outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1787957","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T06:05:44Z","timestamp":1775801144000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Time to notice neurodiversity in eating disorder services: a three-year real-world analysis of autism, ADHD, and AuDHD"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Lauren","family":"Makin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, King\u2019s College London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King\u2019s College London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, King\u2019s College London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Department of Eating Disorders, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Tchanturia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, King\u2019s College London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Department of Eating Disorders, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust","place":["London, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Ilia State University","place":["Tbilisi, Georgia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5\u2122","year":"2013"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2021.101759","article-title":"Prevalence of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in individuals with autism spectrum disorder: A meta-analysis","volume":"83","author":"Rong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res Autism Spectr Disord"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hesc\/9780198866657.003.0033","article-title":"The risk of eating disorders comorbid with attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"49","author":"Nazar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Eating Disord"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.24307","article-title":"Investigating the presence of autistic traits and prevalence of autism spectrum disorder symptoms in anorexia nervosa: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"58","author":"Inal\u2010Kaleli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Eating Disord"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.3177","article-title":"Autism, ADHD, and their traits in adults with bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder: A scoping review","volume":"33","author":"Makin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Eating Disord Rev"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-1093-1","article-title":"Symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among adult eating disorder patients","volume":"17","author":"Svedlund","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.10.016","article-title":"ADHD and eating disorders in childhood and adolescence: An updated minireview","volume":"321","author":"Villa","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.24311","article-title":"A mixed method systematic review into the impact of ED treatment in autistic people and those with high autistic traits","volume":"58","author":"Nimbley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Eating Disord"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9072305","article-title":"Does ADHD symptomatology influence treatment outcome and dropout risk in eating disorders? 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