{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:58:23Z","timestamp":1791583103089,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"\n Objective<\/jats:title>\n This meta-analysis evaluated the associations between noise exposure, air pollutants, and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children, aiming to inform future prevention strategies.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Studies were systematically retrieved from CNKI, Wanfang, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library, covering publications from inception to November 2025. Heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran\u2019s Q test and the\n I\u00b2<\/jats:italic>\n statistic. Subgroup analyses, meta-regression, and sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the robustness of the findings.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Noise exposure was associated with a small increase in ADHD risk (odds ratio [\n OR<\/jats:italic>\n ] = 1.03, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01\u20131.05), with stronger associations for childhood exposure, whereas prenatal exposure showed no significant effect. Given the modest effect size, this finding should be interpreted cautiously. Particulate matter (PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n and PM\n 10<\/jats:sub>\n ) was significantly associated with ADHD in continuous-exposure models\u2014PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n (\n OR<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a01.32,\n 95% CI:<\/jats:italic>\n 1.16\u20131.50) and PM\n 10<\/jats:sub>\n (\n OR<\/jats:italic>\n =\u00a01.47,\n 95% CI:<\/jats:italic>\n 1.15\u20131.87). In dichotomous models, PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n was not significant, while PM\n 10<\/jats:sub>\n remained positively associated (\n OR<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a01.58,\n 95% CI:<\/jats:italic>\n 1.11\u20132.26). Elevated nitrogen dioxide (NO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ) exposure was also associated with a modest increase in ADHD risk (\n OR<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a01.11,\n 95% CI:<\/jats:italic>\n 1.02\u20131.20), whereas nitrogen oxides (NO\n x<\/jats:sub>\n ), ozone (O\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n ), and sulfur dioxide (SO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ) did not show significant associations.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n Noise and several air pollutants (PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n , PM\n 10<\/jats:sub>\n , and NO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ) were significantly associated with increased ADHD risk, particularly during childhood exposure. Other pollutants, including O\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n and SO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n , did not demonstrate significant effects. These findings suggest that environmental noise and several air pollutants may be associated with ADHD; however, some observed associations, particularly for noise and NO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n , were modest in magnitude and should be interpreted cautiously. These results reflect observational associations rather than evidence of a strong or causal effect, while the evidence for some pollutants remains limited or inconclusive. Further research is needed to clarify pollutant-specific associations and the role of exposure timing.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Systematic Review Registration<\/jats:title>\n \n https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/view\/CRD42024593274<\/jats:ext-link>\n , identifier CRD42024593274;\n https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/view\/CRD42025632899<\/jats:ext-link>\n , identifier CRD42025632899.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1788310","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T14:21:30Z","timestamp":1777990890000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Noise, air pollution exposure and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Records, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical 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China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zitong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health","place":["Shijiazhuang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health","place":["Shijiazhuang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health","place":["Shijiazhuang, 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