{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T05:04:55Z","timestamp":1785819895742,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The increasing demand for adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) assessments has required the development of efficient triage pathways. This study provides a formal assessment of a criterion-based screening model designed to prioritise patient safety and operational efficiency within a National Health Service (NHS) specialist secondary care setting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A prospective observational validation design was employed, involving 49 consecutive adults referred for ADHD assessment none of whom had a previous ADHD diagnosis. The Comprehensive ADHD Screening Questionnaire (CASQ), a clinician-administered instrument based on DSM-5 criteria, was utilised by four trained Physician Assistants. To ensure an assessment of triage safety, a universal assessment model was adopted: all participants received a blinded, gold-standard diagnostic assessment (NICE-compliant) regardless of the initial triage recommendation thereby eliminating verification bias. The primary outcome measure was the Number Needed to Harm (NNH), defined as the number of people screened before a single false-negative result occurs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 48 participants who completed the diagnostic process, six (12.5%) received an ADHD diagnosis. The triage pathway correctly identified all six cases, resulting in a sensitivity of 100.0% (95% CI: 61.0%\u2013100.0%) and an infinite NNH. Specificity was 45.2% (95% CI: 31.2%\u201359.9%), with a positive predictive value of 20.7%. The pathway permitted 39.6% (n = 19) of referrals to be triaged to alternative pathways rather than full ADHD assessment, potentially saving significant specialist clinician time. Exploratory analyses indicated that score magnitude did not reliably distinguish between true and false positives within the group triaged as appropriate for further assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These preliminary findings suggest that criterion-based screening conducted by appropriately trained non-specialist clinicians can achieve high levels of safety whilst improving service efficiency. The findings support the feasibility of task-shifting models in adult ADHD services, provided that triage thresholds are calibrated to prioritise sensitivity. These results require replication in adequately powered multi-site studies before firm conclusions regarding pathway safety can be drawn. Further research is required to establish inter-rater reliability and cost-effectiveness across diverse clinical settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1789686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T05:44:02Z","timestamp":1778823842000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Validation of a criterion-based screening and triage pathway for adult ADHD: a prospective observational study of safety and operational efficiency"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Marios","family":"Adamou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Huddersfield","place":["Huddersfield, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Fullen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human and Health Sciences, South West Yorkshire Partnership Teaching NHS Foundation Trust","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Crisp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human and Health Sciences, South West Yorkshire Partnership Teaching NHS Foundation Trust","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Hallett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human and Health Sciences, South West Yorkshire Partnership Teaching NHS Foundation Trust","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Spencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human and Health Sciences, South West Yorkshire Partnership Teaching NHS Foundation Trust","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia","family":"Wharton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human and Health Sciences, South West Yorkshire Partnership Teaching NHS Foundation Trust","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah L.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human and Health Sciences, South West Yorkshire Partnership Teaching NHS Foundation Trust","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.11.04009","article-title":"The prevalence of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a global systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-016-0208-3","article-title":"The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys","volume":"9","author":"Fayyad","year":"2017","journal-title":"ADHD Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disord"},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"England\n              N\n            \n          \n          Update on Learning Disability and Autism Programme\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B4","article-title":"ADHD diagnostic trends: increased recognition or overdiagnosis","volume":"119","author":"Abdelnour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mo Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1192\/bjb.2023.88","article-title":"UK adult ADHD services in crisis","volume":"48","author":"Smith","year":"2024","journal-title":"BJPsych Bull"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291706008713","article-title":"Functional and psychosocial impairment in adults with undiagnosed ADHD","volume":"37","author":"Able","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.02.002","article-title":"ADHD and accidents over the life span\u2013a systematic review","volume":"125","author":"Brunkhorst-Kanaan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/apt.bp.111.009340","article-title":"ADHD with comorbid substance use disorder: review of treatment","volume":"18","author":"Magon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv Psychiatr Treat"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1597559","article-title":"Adult ADHD and comorbid anxiety and depressive disorders: a review of etiology and treatment","volume":"16","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/mpw8e","article-title":"Now it makes sense: the detrimental impacts of delayed ADHD diagnosis for women and positive consequences post-diagnosis","author":"Holden","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2022.1463","article-title":"Is TikTok increasing the number of self-diagnoses of ADHD in young people","volume":"65","author":"Gilmore","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0319335","article-title":"A double-edged hashtag: evaluation of #ADHD-related TikTok content and its associations with perceptions of ADHD","volume":"20","author":"Karasavva","year":"2025","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-025-02769-8","article-title":"Misinformation mayhem: the effects of TikTok content on ADHD knowledge, stigma, and treatment-seeking intentions","volume":"34","author":"Schiros","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026582","article-title":"Is ADHD diagnosed in accord with diagnostic criteria? Overdiagnosis and influence of client gender on diagnosis","volume":"80","author":"Bruchm\u00fcller","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Consulting Clin Psychol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0734282917735152","article-title":"ADHD assessment in college students: psychologists\u2019 adherence to DSM-5 criteria and multi-method\/multi-informant assessment","volume":"37","author":"Weis","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Psychoeducational Assess"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2018.09.022","article-title":"Triage performance in emergency medicine: a systematic review","volume":"74","author":"Hinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Emergency Med"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-019-05585-4","article-title":"Effectiveness of acute care remote triage systems: a systematic review","volume":"35","author":"Boggan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Gen Internal Med"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1357633x221150278","article-title":"The effectiveness of tele-triage during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and narrative synthesis","volume":"30","author":"Farzandipour","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Telemedicine Telecare"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s12873-025-01191-2","article-title":"Triage decisions and health outcomes among oncology patients: a comparative study of medical and surgical cancer cases in emergency departments","volume":"25","author":"Alsharawneh","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Emergency Med"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1614.1999.00515.x","article-title":"Mental health triage in emergency medicine","volume":"33","author":"Smart","year":"1999","journal-title":"Aust New Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1836-2","article-title":"A systematic review of co-responder models of police mental health \u2018street\u2019 triage","volume":"18","author":"Puntis","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1108\/jfp-09-2021-0049","article-title":"Service evaluation of the South Wales police control room mental health triage model: outcomes achieved, lessons learned and next steps","volume":"24","author":"Broome","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Forensic Pract"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.13073","article-title":"Mental health triage tools: a narrative review","volume":"32","author":"Watson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jen.2023.08.005","article-title":"Competencies emergency and mental health nurses need in triage in acute mental health care: a narrative review","volume":"50","author":"Stigter-Outshoven","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Emergency Nurs"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.105553","article-title":"Triage and priority-based healthcare diagnosis using artificial intelligence for autism spectrum disorder and gene contribution: a systematic review","volume":"146","author":"Joudar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imu.2022.101131","article-title":"Intelligent triage method for early diagnosis autism spectrum disorder (ASD) based on integrated fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making methods","volume":"36","author":"Joudar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inf Med Unlocked"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-023-10536-x","article-title":"Artificial intelligence-based approaches for improving the diagnosis, triage, and prioritization of autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review of current trends and open issues","volume":"56","author":"Joudar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Artif Intell Rev"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.31219\/osf.io\/qfbne","article-title":"Enhancing adult autism diagnostic pathways: the role of clinical triage in efficient service provision","volume":"14","author":"Adamou","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1017\/ipm.2025.25","article-title":"Evaluation of the referral pathway to Irish specialist adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder services","volume":"42","author":"Rudden","year":"2025","journal-title":"Irish J psychol Med"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/ipm.2025.10115","article-title":"Adult ADHD in Ireland: improving referral pathway efficiency through model of care and audit","author":"Sidhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Irish J psychol Med"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-199608000-00019","article-title":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbid disorders: issues of overlapping symptoms","volume":"152","author":"Milberger","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13651501.2019.1628277","article-title":"Comorbidity between ADHD and anxiety disorders across the lifespan","volume":"23","author":"D'Agati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9781615374809.md10","article-title":"Comorbidity of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder with psychiatric disorder: an overview","volume":"59","author":"Pliszka","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-017-1463-3","article-title":"Adult ADHD and comorbid disorders: clinical implications of a dimensional approach","volume":"17","author":"Katzman","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204516","article-title":"Common psychiatric and metabolic comorbidity of adult attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a population-based cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.01.017","article-title":"Comorbidity of ADHD and adult bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"124","author":"Schiweck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277175","article-title":"The prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities in adult ADHD compared with non-ADHD populations: a systematic literature review","volume":"17","author":"Choi","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.949375","article-title":"Differentiation and comorbidity of bipolar disorder and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: a clinical and nosological perspective","volume":"13","author":"Comparelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-022-01324-5","article-title":"ADHD and anxiety disorder comorbidity in children and adults: diagnostic and therapeutic challenges","volume":"24","author":"Koyuncu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-04273-8","article-title":"ADHD in adults with major depressive or bipolar disorder: does it affect clinical features, comorbidity, quality of life, and global functioning","volume":"22","author":"Nadooshan","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2022.114423","article-title":"Anxiety disorders in adult ADHD: a frequent comorbidity and a risk factor for externalizing problems","volume":"310","author":"Quenneville","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105209","article-title":"Anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders in adult men and women with and without attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a substantive and methodological overview","volume":"151","author":"Hartman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15369\/sujms.36.77","article-title":"Mood and anxiety symptoms in adults with ADHD: an investigation of people without comorbid mental disorders","volume":"36","author":"Tomita","year":"2024","journal-title":"Showa Univ J Med Sci"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2025.790","article-title":"The relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and major depressive disorder in young adults: mediating role of mood and anxiety disorder symptoms","volume":"68","author":"Erarslan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547221079798","article-title":"Efficacy of continuous performance testing in adult ADHD in a clinical sample using QbTest","volume":"26","author":"Adamou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Attention Disord"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/t94666-000","article-title":"The World Health Organization adult attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder self-report screening scale for DSM-5","volume":"74","author":"Ustun","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2012.06.120065","article-title":"The adult ADHD self-report scale for screening for adult attention deficit\u2013hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)","volume":"25","author":"Hines","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Board Family Med"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291704002892","article-title":"The World Health Organization adult ADHD self-report scale (ASRS): a short screening scale for use in the general population","volume":"35","author":"Kessler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054719841133","article-title":"Feasibility, implementation and outcomes of tablet-based two-step screening for adult ADHD in primary care practice","volume":"25","author":"Loskutova","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Attention Disord"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2020.0158","article-title":"The validity of the World Health Organization adult attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder self-report screening scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition in adolescence","volume":"31","author":"Somma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-04048-1","article-title":"Questionnaire-based computational screening of adult ADHD","volume":"22","author":"Trognon","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2024.100800","article-title":"Screening tools for adult ADHD patients in primary care","volume":"17","author":"Ganzenm\u00fcller","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Affect Disord Rep"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2017.02.011","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Japanese version of the Adult Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Self-Report Scale (ASRS-J) and its short scale in accordance with DSM-5 diagnostic criteria","volume":"63","author":"Takeda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2014.09.006","article-title":"Not in education, employment, or training status among young Swiss men. Longitudinal associations with mental health and substance use","volume":"56","author":"Baggio","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.858147","article-title":"Evaluation of the German version of the Adult Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Screening Scale for DSM-5 as a screening tool for adult Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder in primary care","volume":"13","author":"Ballmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33776\/ariasmontano.23062","article-title":"Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale: Comprehensive psychometric study in a Spanish SUD sample","volume":"24","author":"Lozano","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"key":"B57","article-title":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume-title":"Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey (APMS) 2023\/24: Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing, England","author":"Anand","year":"2024"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.04.010","article-title":"Validity of the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) as a screener for adult ADHD in treatment seeking substance use disorder patients","volume":"132","author":"Van de Glind","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bs8040037","article-title":"Performance of the adult ADHD self-report scale-v1. 1 in adults with major depressive disorder","volume":"8","author":"Dunlop","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav Sci"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/108705479900300303","article-title":"Self-ratings of ADHD symptoms in adults I: Factor structure and normative data","volume":"3","author":"Conners","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Attention Disord"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75868-y","article-title":"Use of machine learning to classify adult ADHD and other conditions based on the Conners\u2019 Adult ADHD Rating Scales","volume":"10","author":"Christiansen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12207-022-09445-1","article-title":"Joint consideration of validity indicators embedded in Conners\u2019 Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS)","volume":"15","author":"Becke","year":"2022","journal-title":"psychol Injury Law"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.01.013","article-title":"Wender Utah Rating Scale: Psychometrics, clinical utility and implications regarding the elements of ADHD","volume":"135","author":"Gift","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-05295-6","article-title":"Development and validation of the ADHD Symptom and Side Effect Tracking-Baseline Scale (ASSET-BS): a novel short screening measure for ADHD in clinical populations","volume":"23","author":"Young","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/jcp.12m07895","article-title":"The utility of Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder screening instruments in people seeking treatment for substance use disorders","volume":"73","author":"Dakwar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116748","article-title":"Evaluating ADHD screening tools: A comparative analysis of accuracy, cost, and complexity","volume":"353","author":"Mackie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2021.152224","article-title":"Screening for adult ADHD using brief rating tools: What can we conclude from a positive screen? Some caveats","volume":"106","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21191","article-title":"The value and limitations of self-administered questionnaires in clinical practice and epidemiological studies","volume":"23","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2024","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2019.1696409","article-title":"Diagnosing Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in young adults: A qualitative review of the utility of assessment measures and recommendations for improving the diagnostic process","volume":"35","author":"Marshall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychologist"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp23x735213","article-title":"Assessments for adult ADHD: what makes them good enough","volume":"73","author":"Leaver","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Gen Practice: J R Coll Gen Practitioners"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.11.020","article-title":"Screening for adult attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in alcohol dependent patients: Underreporting of ADHD symptoms in self-report scales","volume":"195","author":"Luderer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2025.10376","article-title":"Reflections on the manifestation of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in girls from young adults with lived experiences: a qualitative study","volume":"227","author":"Williams","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02707-9","article-title":"Females with ADHD: An expert consensus statement taking a lifespan approach providing guidance for the identification and treatment of attention-deficit\/ hyperactivity disorder in girls and women","volume":"20","author":"Young","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547231215518","article-title":"Cross-cultural adult ADHD assessment in 42 countries using the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale Screener","volume":"28","author":"Lewczuk","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547221085503","article-title":"ADHD in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence studies in outpatient psychiatric clinics","volume":"26","author":"Adamis","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Attention Disord"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2022.114524","article-title":"Screening for ADHD in a general outpatient psychiatric sample of adults","volume":"311","author":"Babinski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2023.03.011","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis: Clinical utility of continuous performance tests for the identification of Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"63","author":"Arrondo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/pb.bp.110.032144","article-title":"Assessments for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: use of objective measurements","volume":"35","author":"Vogt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiatrist"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13901","article-title":"Practitioner review: Clinical utility of the QbTest for the assessment and diagnosis of ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Bellato","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e675612011-005","article-title":"Measuring adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder using the Quantified Behavior Test Plus","volume":"65","author":"Edebol","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psych J"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1080\/19012276.2022.2036628","article-title":"The quantified behavioural test plus (QbTest+) in adult ADHD","volume":"75","author":"Nylander","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nordic Psychol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6438","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13216438","article-title":"A new objective diagnostic tool for Attention-Deficit Hyper-Activity Disorder (ADHD): Development of the Distractor-Embedded Auditory Continuous Performance Test","volume":"13","author":"\u00d6zaslan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13216438","article-title":"Developmental normative data on the test of variables of attention (T.O.V.A.)","volume":"34","author":"Greenberg","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547231223727","article-title":"Diagnostic utility of Conners Continuous Performance Test-3 for Attention Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder: A systematic review","volume":"28","author":"Callan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Attention Disord"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0887-6177(02)00144-0","article-title":"The Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test as a neuropsychological measure","volume":"18","author":"Tinius","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2024.2315740","article-title":"A systematic review of the utility of continuous performance tests among adults with ADHD","volume":"38","author":"Varela","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychologist"},{"key":"B87","volume-title":"Global Assessment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Examining objective Measures of Hyperactivity, Impulsivity and Inattention in Adults","author":"Edebol","year":"2012"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000688","article-title":"The role of neurocognitive tests in the assessment of adult attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"31","author":"Nikolas","year":"2019","journal-title":"psychol Assess"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.06.042","article-title":"The incremental validity of a computerised assessment added to clinical rating scales to differentiate adult ADHD from autism spectrum disorder","volume":"252","author":"Groom","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12921","article-title":"The impact of a computerised test of attention and activity (QbTest) on diagnostic decision-making in children and young people with suspected attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"59","author":"Hollis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3109\/08039488.2012.762940","article-title":"Quantitative and subjective behavioural aspects in the assessment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults","volume":"68","author":"S\u00f6derstr\u00f6m","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nordic J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3109\/08039488.2013.775341","article-title":"Clinical and cost-effectiveness of technologies for the assessment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and economic model","volume":"29","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2025"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1380410","article-title":"The adult ADHD assessment quality assurance standard","volume":"15","author":"Adamou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2016.01.2368","article-title":"Criteria and concurrent validity of DIVA 2.0: A semi-structured diagnostic interview for adult ADHD","volume":"23","author":"Ramos-Quiroga","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547231177470","article-title":"The ability of self-report methods to accurately diagnose Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Harrison","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Attention Disord"},{"key":"B96","article-title":"Promoting confidence and evidence-based practices for Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder among integrated primary care providers: A qualitive improvement education initiative","author":"Samateh","year":"2024"},{"key":"B97","unstructured":"Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects: College of Nursing\n          \n          \n          40\n          2024"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-04290-7","article-title":"Mainstreaming adult ADHD into primary care in the UK: guidance, practice, and best practice recommendations","volume":"22","author":"Asherson","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/jcp.14m09630","article-title":"Gender differences in adult attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC)","volume":"77","author":"Cortese","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054712441970","article-title":"Why is this so hard? A review of detection of Malingered ADHD in college students","volume":"18","author":"Musso","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Attention Disord"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21374","article-title":"Attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults: evidence base, uncertainties and controversies","volume":"24","author":"Larsson","year":"2025","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1789686\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T05:44:05Z","timestamp":1778823845000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1789686\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"references-count":101,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1789686"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1789686","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"article-number":"1789686"}}