{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T06:44:08Z","timestamp":1777099448811,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Self-management is essential for coping with depressive symptoms, yet little is known about its associations with depressive symptoms and personal recovery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a cross-sectional questionnaire survey of 183 outpatients with major depressive disorder in Japan between October 2024 and June 2025. Participants reported the use and perceived usefulness of 63 self-management strategies. Associations between the number of strategies and symptom severity and recovery were examined using Spearman\u2019s rank correlation coefficients with the Japanese versions of the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS-J) and the Questionnaire about the Process of Recovery (QPR-J).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 183 respondents (mean age 43.6 \u00b1 12.4 years; 54.1% female), the mean QIDS-J score was 9.55 \u00b1 5.25 and 60.7% were in remission. Fourteen of the 63 strategies were used by at least half of the participants. The most frequently used strategies were \u201censure enough rest to avoid exhaustion through overexertion\u201d (88.0%), \u201cengage in leisure activities (e.g. reading, watching TV, cooking, traveling, and driving)\u201d (78.9%), and \u201ceat a healthy diet\u201d (65.0%). The strategies rated most useful included \u201cdiscuss information about depression with a therapist\u201d (86.7%), \u201cmeet with friends with whom I can be myself\u201d (83.5%), and \u201cavoid or minimize contact with people who tend to make me stressed or depressed\u201d (83.3%). Participants reported using an average of 20.8 \u00b1 13.5 strategies, of which 13.1 \u00b1 9.16 were rated as useful. The number of strategies rated as useful was weakly negatively correlated with the QIDS-J scores (Spearman\u2019s \u03c1 = \u22120.207, p = 0.006) and moderately positively correlated with the QPR-J scores (Spearman\u2019s \u03c1 = 0.472, p &amp;lt; 0.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The number of self-management strategies rated as useful showed a stronger correlation with personal recovery than with depressive symptom severity. The use of a greater number of self-management strategies may be associated with higher levels of personal recovery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1790462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T06:47:04Z","timestamp":1771915624000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Associations between self-management strategies and clinical outcomes in depression: a cross-sectional survey"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Teruo","family":"Tada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kyorin University School of Medicine","place":["Tokyo, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Sakurai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kyorin University School of Medicine","place":["Tokyo, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taku","family":"Maruki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kyorin University School of Medicine","place":["Tokyo, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masami","family":"Murao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kyorin University School of Medicine","place":["Tokyo, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasuyuki","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kyorin University School of Medicine","place":["Tokyo, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yumi","family":"Aoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Graduate School of Nursing Science, Saint Luke\u2019s International University","place":["Tokyo, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hisateru","family":"Tachimori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Management, Keio University School of Medicine","place":["Tokyo, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yayoi","family":"Imamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kyorin University School of Medicine","place":["Tokyo, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kitanara Ekiue Hotto Clinic","place":["Chiba, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norifusa","family":"Sawada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental and Sleep Clinic of Narimasu","place":["Tokyo, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seiji","family":"Hongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ichigaya Himorogi Clinic","place":["Tokyo, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sojiro","family":"Makino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Makino Clinic","place":["Tokyo, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Tada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jimbocho Mental Health Clinic","place":["Tokyo, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Tsuboi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kyorin University School of Medicine","place":["Tokyo, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koichiro","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kyorin University School of Medicine","place":["Tokyo, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.7812\/TPP\/18-295","article-title":"Self-management of depression: beyond the medical model","volume":"23","author":"Duggal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Perm J"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-12-213","article-title":"Group based diabetes self-management education compared to routine treatment for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. 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