{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T07:01:46Z","timestamp":1780038106066,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Translating dyslexia constructs to mild intellectual disability (MID) is challenging because population-based cut-offs may label broadly expected low attainment as \u2018specific\u2019. This study combined person-centered profiling with explicit, ICD-11\u2013guided, severity-calibrated classification rules to quantify when and why over-identification occurs in MID.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nationwide diagnostic data from 446 students with MID were analyzed using age-normed sten scores from the SB6\/18 battery (decoding, reading fluency, reading comprehension, phonetic coding, rapid automatized naming [RAN]). We conducted hierarchical clustering with bootstrap stability and compared six rule-based groupings that systematically varied severity thresholds and inclusion of phonological\/RAN indicators.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A robust two-cluster solution reflected a dominant severity gradient across reading and related markers. Broad criteria classified 88% of the sample, including many higher-performing cases. Introducing an extreme-severity anchor reduced prevalence (37%) and concentrated classified cases within the lower-performing profile. Notably, when very low decoding (sten = 1) was required, adding phonological\/RAN criteria yielded little further classification gain under this rule structure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dyslexia-consistent profiles can be delineated within mild ID, but prevalence and subgroup coherence depend critically on severity operationalization. Word-level reading\u2014especially decoding and fluency\u2014provides the most robust basis for subgroup identification; phonological\/RAN indicators showed limited incremental classification value within the present rule structure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:related-object>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , identifier NCT06215092.\n                    <\/jats:related-object>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1805069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T06:03:52Z","timestamp":1780034632000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identifying dyslexia-consistent reading profiles in mild intellectual disability: cluster-derived severity gradients and severity-calibrated classification rules"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Bartosz M.","family":"Radtke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Psychological and Educational Tests","place":["Gda\u0144sk, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Jurek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, University of Gda\u0144sk","place":["Gda\u0144sk, Poland"]},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk","place":["Gda\u0144sk, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Olech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk","place":["Gda\u0144sk, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariadna","family":"\u0141ada-Ma\u015bko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, University of Gda\u0144sk","place":["Gda\u0144sk, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Urszula","family":"Sajewicz-Radtke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Psychological and Educational Tests","place":["Gda\u0144sk, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-021-00226-0","article-title":"Orthographic depth and developmental dyslexia: A meta-analytic study","volume":"71","author":"Carioti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Dyslexia"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026744","article-title":"Phonological skills and their role in 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