{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T17:24:53Z","timestamp":1788456293159,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a developmental psychiatric disorder associated with a complex interplay of genetic and environmental risk factors. In a previous study, we found embryonic dorsal forebrain loss in male mice of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (\n                    <jats:italic>Fgfr2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), which has a critical role in normal brain development, results in ADHD-relevant phenotypes: increased locomotion and sociability, and impaired working memory postnatally. How such genetic vulnerabilities interact with environmental exposures to translationally model human ADHD risk remains unclear. Here, we performed a follow-up study by pairing the embryonic hGFAP-cre\n                    <jats:italic>Fgfr2<\/jats:italic>\n                    conditional knockout (\n                    <jats:italic>Fgfr2<\/jats:italic>\n                    cKO) mouse model with prenatal repetitive restraint stress, modeling an environmental factor associated with ADHD risk, to assess adult offspring behaviors, dopamine transporter (DAT) levels, and pilot parvalbumin-positive (PV+) cell densities. Offspring of prenatally stressed,\n                    <jats:italic>Fgfr2<\/jats:italic>\n                    cKO male mice showed increased locomotion (80% higher compared to non-stressed,\n                    <jats:italic>Fgfr2<\/jats:italic>\n                    cKO animals). However, prenatal stress had no significant effects on impulsivity, working memory, or sociability in\n                    <jats:italic>Fgfr2<\/jats:italic>\n                    cKO male mice. Neurobiologically, prenatal stress did not significantly affect DAT levels, and DAT protein levels did not correlate with behavior, suggesting DAT dysregulation is not the mechanism of increased locomotion in this model. Taken together, our findings implicate prenatal stress as a potential contributor to some gene-environment interactions for ADHD risk, supporting its use in translational animal models of childhood psychiatric disorders.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1820942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T16:48:55Z","timestamp":1788454135000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prenatal stress selectively enhances locomotor hyperactivity in male mice with embryonic loss of Fgfr2"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Michelle X.","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine","place":["Iowa City, IA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Polona","family":"Jager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine","place":["New Haven, CT, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail","family":"Sawyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine","place":["New Haven, CT, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna E.","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine","place":["Iowa City, IA, United States"]},{"name":"Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine","place":["New Haven, CT, United States"]},{"name":"University of Iowa Hawk-IDDRC (Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center)","place":["New Haven, CT, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.10.020","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a selective overview","volume":"57","author":"Biederman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-011-0221-3","article-title":"Update on environmental risk factors for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"13","author":"Froehlich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00030651000480040901","article-title":"A psychoanalytic perspective on attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"48","author":"Gilmore","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Psychoanal Assoc"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2024.2335625","article-title":"ADHD prevalence among U.S. children and adolescents in 2022: diagnosis, severity, co-occurring disorders, and treatment","volume":"53","author":"Danielson","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199608000-00008","article-title":"Attention deficit disorder: a review of the past 10 years","volume":"35","author":"Cantwell","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.11.024","article-title":"Molecular genetics of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"57","author":"Faraone","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0511-541","article-title":"Modeling hyperactivity: of mice and men","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.02.002","article-title":"Rodent models of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"57","author":"Sagvolden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199703000-00016","article-title":"Implication of right frontostriatal circuitry in response inhibition and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"36","author":"Casey","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.3844-09.2009","article-title":"The transition from radial glial to intermediate progenitor cell is inhibited by FGF signaling during corticogenesis","volume":"29","author":"Kang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.09.020","article-title":"Deficiency in inhibitory cortical interneurons associates with hyperactivity in fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 mutant mice","volume":"63","author":"Muller Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.5285-03.2004","article-title":"Loss of glutamatergic pyramidal neurons in frontal and temporal cortex resulting from attenuation of FGFR1 signaling is associated with spontaneous hyperactivity in mice","volume":"24","author":"Shin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5837-09.2010","article-title":"Fgfr2 is required for the development of the medial prefrontal cortex and its connections with limbic circuits","volume":"30","author":"Stevens","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy190","article-title":"NEGR1 and FGFR2 cooperatively regulate cortical development and core behaviours related to autism disorders in mice","volume":"141","author":"Szczurkowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02372-y","article-title":"Neonatal loss of FGFR2 in astroglial cells affects locomotion, sociability, working memory, and glia-neuron interactions in mice","volume":"13","author":"Stevens","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579412000764","article-title":"Linking prenatal maternal adversity to developmental outcomes in infants: the role of epigenetic pathways","volume":"24","author":"Monk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01714.x","article-title":"Antenatal maternal stress and long-term effects on child neurodevelopment: how and why","volume":"48","author":"Talge","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.01.019","article-title":"Prenatal stress and genetic risk: How prenatal stress interacts with genetics to alter risk for psychiatric illness","volume":"90","author":"Abbott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195173024.003.0004","article-title":"Stress, appraisal, and coping","author":"Lazarus","year":"1984"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0301-0082(01)00018-1","article-title":"Alterations induced by gestational stress in brain morphology and behaviour of the offspring","volume":"65","author":"Weinstock","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12153","article-title":"Practitioner review: maternal mood in pregnancy and child development--implications for child psychology and psychiatry","volume":"55","author":"O'Connor","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1150196","article-title":"Neuroscience. Maternal effects on schizophrenia risk","volume":"318","author":"Patterson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2004.00727.x","article-title":"High antenatal maternal anxiety is related to ADHD symptoms, externalizing problems, and anxiety in 8- and 9-year-olds","volume":"75","author":"Van den Bergh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1203\/01.pdr.0000191143.75673.52","article-title":"ADHD deficit as measured in adolescent boys with a continuous performance task is related to antenatal maternal anxiety","volume":"59","author":"van den Bergh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10253890.2011.623250","article-title":"Maternal pregnancy-specific anxiety is associated with child executive function at 6-9 years age","volume":"14","author":"Buss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/jpn.0802","article-title":"Relation of maternal stress during pregnancy to symptom severity and response to treatment in children with ADHD","volume":"33","author":"Grizenko","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci"},{"key":"B27","first-page":"9","article-title":"Maternal stress during pregnancy, ADHD symptomatology in children and genotype: gene-environment interaction","volume":"21","author":"Grizenko","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081394","article-title":"Prenatal glucocorticoid treatment and later mental health in children and adolescents","volume":"8","author":"Khalife","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011896","article-title":"Prenatal stress exposure related to maternal bereavement and risk of childhood overweight","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2010.04.004","article-title":"Anxiety disorders before birth and self-perceived distress during pregnancy: associations with maternal depression and obstetric, neonatal and early childhood outcomes","volume":"86","author":"Martini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.180.6.502","article-title":"Maternal antenatal anxiety and children's behavioural\/emotional problems at 4 years. Report from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children","volume":"180","author":"O'Connor","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00359.x","article-title":"Are maternal smoking and stress during pregnancy related to ADHD symptoms in children","volume":"46","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2010.00223","article-title":"Prenatal maternal stress associated with ADHD and autistic traits in early childhood","volume":"1","author":"Ronald","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.420260506","article-title":"Prenatal stress has long-term effects on behavioral responses to stress in juvenile rhesus monkeys","volume":"26","author":"Clarke","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dev Psychobiol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2014.35","article-title":"Prenatal stress and inhibitory neuron systems: implications for neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"19","author":"Fine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(03)00250-X","article-title":"Sex differences in learning deficits induced by prenatal stress in juvenile rats","volume":"150","author":"Gue","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2010.06.007","article-title":"Glucocorticoids, prenatal stress and the programming of disease","volume":"59","author":"Harris","year":"2011","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.20.11032","article-title":"Prenatal stress produces learning deficits associated with an inhibition of neurogenesis in the hippocampus","volume":"97","author":"Lemaire","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.20664","article-title":"Prenatal stress alters spine density and dendritic length of nucleus accumbens and hippocampus neurons in rat offspring","volume":"63","author":"Martinez-Tellez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/s0736-5748(00)00070-8","article-title":"Prenatal stress and postnatal development of neonatal rats--sex-dependent effects on emotional behavior and learning ability of neonatal rats","volume":"19","author":"Nishio","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Dev Neurosci"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00020","article-title":"Growth and development following prenatal stress exposure in primates: an examination of ontogenetic vulnerability","volume":"70","author":"Schneider","year":"1999","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.3850-05.2006","article-title":"Maternal stress produces learning deficits associated with impairment of NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic plasticity","volume":"26","author":"Son","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2012.07.011","article-title":"Prenatal stress delays inhibitory neuron progenitor migration in the developing neocortex","volume":"38","author":"Stevens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.03.002","article-title":"The long-term behavioural consequences of prenatal stress","volume":"32","author":"Weinstock","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.05.040","article-title":"Variable prenatal stress results in impairments of sustained attention and inhibitory response control in a 5-choice serial reaction time task in rats","volume":"218","author":"Wilson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.10.003","article-title":"Exposure to variable prenatal stress in rats: effects on anxiety-related behaviors, innate and contextual fear, and fear extinction","volume":"238","author":"Wilson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2007.01.024","article-title":"Prenatal restraint stress impairs learning and memory and hippocampal PKCbeta1 expression and translocation in offspring rats","volume":"1141","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291709005911","article-title":"The links between prenatal stress and offspring development and psychopathology: disentangling environmental and inherited influences","volume":"40","author":"Rice","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200923000-00005","article-title":"Toward a new understanding of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder pathophysiology: an important role for prefrontal cortex dysfunction","volume":"23","author":"Arnsten","year":"2009","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.20-14-05538.2000","article-title":"Perinatal distress leads to lateralized medial prefrontal cortical dopamine hypofunction in adult rats","volume":"20","author":"Brake","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-006-4003-5","article-title":"Dopaminergic action beyond its effects on motor function: imaging studies","volume":"253","author":"Brooks","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.03.004","article-title":"Molecular imaging of the dopaminergic system and its association with human cognitive function","volume":"59","author":"Cropley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.05.005","article-title":"The dopaminergic basis of human behaviors: a review of molecular imaging studies","volume":"33","author":"Egerton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.10.1700","article-title":"Prediction of dopamine transporter binding availability by genotype: a preliminary report","volume":"157","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/379606a0","article-title":"Hyperlocomotion and indifference to cocaine and amphetamine in mice lacking the dopamine transporter","volume":"379","author":"Giros","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(94)90433-2","article-title":"Permanent dopaminergic alterations in the n. accumbens after prenatal stress","volume":"49","author":"Alonso","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-011-9305-4","article-title":"Gestational restraint stress and the developing dopaminergic system: an overview","volume":"22","author":"Baier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurotox Res"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1021656607278","article-title":"Long-term effects of prenatal stress on dopamine and glutamate receptors in adult rat brain","volume":"27","author":"Berger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-1759","article-title":"Sexually dimorphic effects of prenatal stress on cognition, hormonal responses, and central neurotransmitters","volume":"145","author":"Bowman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.03.046","article-title":"Prenatal restraint stress: an in vivo microdialysis study on catecholamine release in the rat prefrontal cortex","volume":"168","author":"Carboni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(95)00430-x","article-title":"Prenatal stress in rats facilitates amphetamine-induced sensitization and induces long-lasting changes in dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens","volume":"685","author":"Henry","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21911","article-title":"Immunocytochemical expression of dopamine-related transcription factors Pitx3 and Nurr1 in prenatally stressed adult rats","volume":"87","author":"Katunar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-009-9132-z","article-title":"Ontogenetic expression of dopamine-related transcription factors and tyrosine hydroxylase in prenatally stressed rats","volume":"18","author":"Katunar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurotox Res"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2005.01331.x","article-title":"Altered mesencephalic dopaminergic populations in adulthood as a consequence of brief perinatal glucocorticoid exposure","volume":"17","author":"McArthur","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2024.109897","article-title":"Novel pharmacological targets for GABAergic dysfunction in ADHD","volume":"249","author":"Ferranti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-025-03791-9","article-title":"Cortical markers of excitation\/inhibition balance are associated with sensory responsivity from infancy in longitudinal cohorts enriched for autism and ADHD","volume":"15","author":"Carter Leno","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2330","article-title":"GIT1 is associated with ADHD in humans and ADHD-like behaviors in mice","volume":"17","author":"Won","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1359237","article-title":"Parvalbumin interneuron deficiency in the prefrontal and motor cortices of spontaneously hypertensive rats: an attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder animal model insight","volume":"15","author":"Bogdanska-Chomczyk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.22376","article-title":"Delays in GABAergic interneuron development and behavioral inhibition after prenatal stress","volume":"76","author":"Lussier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev Neurobiol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.03.013","article-title":"Learning and memory depend on fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 functioning in hippocampus","volume":"71","author":"Stevens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.00491","article-title":"Conditional inactivation of FGF receptor 2 reveals an essential role for FGF signaling in the regulation of osteoblast function and bone growth","volume":"130","author":"Yu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/gene.10008","article-title":"hGFAP-cre transgenic mice for manipulation of glial and neuronal function in vivo","volume":"31","author":"Zhuo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Genesis"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.1140-04.2004","article-title":"Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 is required for the proliferation of hippocampal progenitor cells and for hippocampal growth in mouse","volume":"24","author":"Ohkubo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.04.005","article-title":"Bridging molecular genetics and epidemiology to better understand sex differences in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"83","author":"Davis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-8994-2_10","article-title":"The Y-maze for assessment of spatial working and reference memory in mice","volume":"1916","author":"Kraeuter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370200601s03","article-title":"Current concepts on the neurobiology of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"6","author":"Biederman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-024-00495-0","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"10","author":"Faraone","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1140481","article-title":"A microRNA feedback circuit in midbrain dopamine neurons","volume":"317","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.15-03-01714.1995","article-title":"The dopamine transporter: immunochemical characterization and localization in brain","volume":"15","author":"Ciliax","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.17-18-06899.1997","article-title":"The dopamine transporter: comparative ultrastructure of dopaminergic axons in limbic and motor compartments of the nucleus accumbens","volume":"17","author":"Nirenberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.679960","article-title":"The role of parvalbumin interneurons in neurotransmitter balance and neurological disease","volume":"12","author":"Nahar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/375139","article-title":"A genomewide scan for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in an extended sample: suggestive linkage on 17p11","volume":"72","author":"Ogdie","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-025-02295-y","article-title":"Genome-wide association meta-analysis of childhood ADHD symptoms and diagnosis identifies new loci and potential effector genes","volume":"57","author":"van der Laan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0269-7","article-title":"Discovery of the first genome-wide significant risk loci for attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"51","author":"Demontis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gim.2025.101598","article-title":"Common and rare genetic variants explain distinct diagnostic variance in pediatric attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"27","author":"Arnett","year":"2025","journal-title":"Genet Med"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2020.12.033","article-title":"Polygenic risk and the course of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder from childhood to young adulthood: findings from a nationally representative cohort","volume":"60","author":"Agnew-Blais","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.5765\/jkacap.2018.29.2.62","article-title":"Genome-wide analysis reveals four novel loci for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in Korean youths","volume":"29","author":"Kweon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soa Chongsonyon Chongsin Uihak"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.12.055","article-title":"Fibroblast growth factor 2 implicated in childhood anxiety and depression symptoms","volume":"282","author":"Lebowitz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.01.090","article-title":"Maternal FGF2 levels associated with child anxiety and depression symptoms through child FGF2 levels","volume":"326","author":"Lebowitz","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.02.026","article-title":"The fibroblast growth factor system and mood disorders","volume":"59","author":"Turner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2015.10.003","article-title":"Dysregulated fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling in neurological and psychiatric disorders","volume":"53","author":"Turner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12091241","article-title":"Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): from abnormal behavior to impairment in synaptic plasticity","volume":"12","author":"Ugarte","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol (Basel)"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/eneuro.0076-19.2019","article-title":"Synaptic wiring of corticostriatal circuits in basal ganglia: insights into the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"6","author":"Kuo","year":"2019","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.02.036","article-title":"The roles of dopamine and noradrenaline in the pathophysiology and treatment of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"69","author":"Del Campo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2017.12.029","article-title":"DHA mitigates autistic behaviors accompanied by dopaminergic change in a gene\/prenatal stress mouse model","volume":"371","author":"Matsui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.05.016","article-title":"Prenatal stress and epigenetics","volume":"117","author":"Cao-Lei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-0710-4","article-title":"Large epigenome-wide association study of childhood ADHD identifies peripheral DNA methylation associated with disease and polygenic risk burden","volume":"10","author":"Mooney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35078","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-18724-1","article-title":"Brain region and cell type-specific DNA methylation profiles in association with ADHD","volume":"15","author":"Meijer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-01058-z","article-title":"Association between DNA methylation and ADHD symptoms from birth to school age: a prospective meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Neumann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.45","article-title":"Neuroanatomic, epigenetic and genetic differences in monozygotic twins discordant for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.22481","article-title":"Examining the interaction between prenatal stress and polygenic risk for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder on brain growth in childhood: Findings from the DREAM BIG consortium","volume":"66","author":"Lopez-Vicente","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dev Psychobiol"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/famp.12161","article-title":"An evolutionary perspective on family studies: Differential susceptibility to environmental influences","volume":"55","author":"Hartman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fam Process"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2014.291","article-title":"Early social enrichment rescues adult behavioral and brain abnormalities in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome","volume":"40","author":"Oddi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00466","article-title":"Enriched environments as a potential treatment for developmental disorders: A critical assessment","volume":"10","author":"Ball","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-010-9439-5","article-title":"The dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4) moderates family environmental effects on ADHD","volume":"39","author":"Martel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.09.008","article-title":"Variations in the postnatal maternal environment in mice: Effects on maternal behaviour and behavioural and endocrine responses in the adult offspring","volume":"93","author":"Coutellier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02707-9","article-title":"Females with ADHD: An expert consensus statement taking a lifespan approach providing guidance for the identification and treatment of attention-deficit\/ hyperactivity disorder in girls and women","volume":"20","author":"Young","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154283","article-title":"Reflections on the NIEHS Virtual Consortium funding mechanism (ViCTER) and what it has taught us about the future of transdisciplinary science","volume":"518","author":"Veiga-Lopez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Toxicology"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1820942\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T16:48:57Z","timestamp":1788454137000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1820942\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"references-count":108,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1820942"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1820942","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"article-number":"1820942"}}