{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T06:16:38Z","timestamp":1778566598633,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bangladesh was confronted with a nationwide student uprising in July 2024, that exposed both participants and observers to widespread unrest and traumatic events. To better understand the kind of support the population will need, it is important to understand its immediate impact on mental wellbeing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Aim was to examine the prevalence of trauma symptoms among the Bangladeshi general population, aged 15+, within three-months following revolution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional survey using the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5, five-point Likert scale), was combined with a one-off online workshop to sensitise this population on mental health, trauma, and resilience. Associations between sociodemographic factors and PCL-5 scores were examined with multiple linear regression (ANOVA\/ANCOVA). Probable PTSD (PCL-5 \u2265 31) was assessed using log-binomial regression. We estimated Population Attributable Fractions (PAF), Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR) to estimate the proportion of high PTSD attributable to each exposure, and applied min\u2013max normalisation of Likert scales for cross-item comparison.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>More than half of the surveyed participants (n=207; mean age 27.6 \u00b1 9.7 years; 72% Gen Z) had clinically suggestive PTSD. This was more common among women (53.7%), and respondents from Chattogram (57.4%) and Khulna (66.7%). Adjusted analyses suggested modestly higher prevalence among Millennials (PR 1.23, 95% CI 0.87-1.74). PAF estimates indicated small contributions from age groups (Millennials +6.5%, GenX\/Boomers -3.6%), and gender (men -3.1%). Under hypothetical elimination of exposure, absolute PTSD reduction was greatest among Millennials. Symptom clusters varied: women, and older adults showed consistently higher scores, while Gen Z reported more negative thoughts\/feelings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study underscores the potential higher prevalence of probable PTSD following large-scale demonstrations and confrontations, and recommends targeted culturally appropriate mental health interventions. Further research involving a representative sample from the population and longitudinal data is recommended to monitor long-term psychological impacts in Bangladesh.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1824190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T05:46:15Z","timestamp":1778564775000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Revolution\u2019s aftermath: population based cross-sectional study to understand the intergeneration mental health and wellbeing following the 2024 student-led uprising"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Juma","family":"Rahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Auckland","place":["Auckland, New Zealand"]},{"name":"Research & Evaluation Office (REO)","place":["Auckland, New Zealand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bapon","family":"Fakhruddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research & Evaluation Office (REO)","place":["Auckland, New Zealand"]},{"name":"CODATA TG FAIR-DATA","place":["Paris, France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Md Masudul","family":"Haque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research & Evaluation Office (REO)","place":["Auckland, New Zealand"]},{"name":"North South University","place":["Dhaka, Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Ramalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Auckland","place":["Auckland, New Zealand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jenni","family":"Leppanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oulun Yliopisto","place":["Oulu, Finland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jubayer","family":"Mumin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karolinska Institutet","place":["Stockholm, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Islam","family":"Shakhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Auckland","place":["Auckland, New Zealand"]},{"name":"Research & Evaluation Office (REO)","place":["Auckland, New Zealand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazi Mizanur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research & Evaluation Office (REO)","place":["Auckland, New Zealand"]},{"name":"Federation University NewMed School of Medicine","place":["Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","article-title":"Annual human rights report 2024: election, July revolution, and minorities in Bangladesh","volume-title":"Annual human rights report","author":"Abid","year":"2024"},{"key":"B2","article-title":"Explainer: Why are Bangladesh students protesting against job quotas","volume-title":"Reuters","author":"Ganguly","year":"2024"},{"key":"B3","article-title":"How Bangladesh\u2019s \u2018Gen Z\u2019 protests brought down PM Sheikh Hasina","volume-title":"Al jazeera","author":"Chughtai","year":"2024"},{"key":"B4","article-title":"HASINA \u2013 36 DAYS IN JULY","volume-title":"Al jazeera","year":"2025"},{"key":"B5","article-title":"Bangladesh protests probe reveals top leaders led brutal repression","volume-title":"Peace and security, united nations","author":"Headley","year":"2025"},{"key":"B6","article-title":"Videos reveal brutality that left scores dead in Bangladesh protests","author":"Ethirajan","year":"2024","journal-title":"BBC News"},{"key":"B7","article-title":"36 july: hasina\u2019s last days","volume-title":"Al jazeera","author":"Thorne","year":"2025"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(05)17952-5","article-title":"The influence of violent media on children and adolescents: a public-health approach","volume":"365","author":"Browne","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B9","article-title":"State responses to social unrest: pathways out of crisis","volume-title":"The political settlements research programme (PSRP)","author":"Beaujouan","year":"2020"},{"key":"B10","first-page":"95","article-title":"The AKP government in Turkey: Politics, democracy and the media","volume-title":"Media, religion and conflict","author":"Haynes","year":"2016"},{"key":"B11","article-title":"Escalation of social conflict during popular upheavals: Evidence from Bahrain","volume":"7","author":"Karolak","year":"2012","journal-title":"CEU Political Sci J"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1478929920940648","article-title":"The effect of the covid-19 pandemic on global armed conflict: Early evidence","volume":"19","author":"Mehrl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Political Stud Rev"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5498279","article-title":"Nepal in turmoil: gen Z protest, political upheaval, and the quest for reform","volume-title":"Political upheaval, and the quest for reform (September 17, 2025)","author":"Aryal","year":"2025"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291715001981","article-title":"The epidemiology of traumatic event exposure worldwide: results from the World Mental Health Survey Consortium","volume":"46","author":"Benjet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0001239","article-title":"Trauma, resilience, and distress in post-revolution Egypt","volume":"16","author":"Miller-Graff","year":"2024","journal-title":"psychol Trauma: Theory Res Prac Policy"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7123\/01.ejp.0000415781.93483.75","article-title":"Revolution and mental health","volume":"33","author":"Elmahdy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Egyp J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2233865920909611","article-title":"Revolutionary mass uprisings in authoritarian regimes","volume":"23","author":"Albrecht","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Area Stud Rev"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-015-1030-6","article-title":"The long-term health effects of mass political violence: evidence from China\u2019s cultural revolution","volume":"132","author":"Islam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc Indic Res"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-0179-1-17","article-title":"Long-term consequences of traumatic experiences: an assessment of former political detainees in Romania","volume":"1","author":"Bichescu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health"},{"key":"B20","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Fifth Edition","year":"1980"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008066.2024.2337509","article-title":"The effects of social media usage on vicarious traumatization and the mediation role of recommendation systems usage and peer communication in China after the aircraft flight accident","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867419899165","article-title":"Mental health during and after protests, riots and revolutions: A systematic review","volume":"54","author":"Ni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aust New Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1521\/psyc.65.4.289.20240","article-title":"Television images and psychological symptoms after the September 11 terrorist attacks","volume":"65","author":"Ahern","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psy: Interpersonal Biol Proc"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797612460406","article-title":"Mental- and physical-health effects of acute exposure to media images of the september 11, 2001, attacks and the Iraq war","volume":"24","author":"Silver","year":"2013","journal-title":"psychol Sci"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18996-8","article-title":"Mediating effect of depression and acute stress between exposure to Israel-Gaza war media coverage and insomnia: a multinational study from five arab countries","volume":"24","author":"Fekih-Romdhane","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1358","article-title":"Understanding the mental health effects of indirect exposure to mass trauma through the media","volume":"306","author":"Neria","year":"2011","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2006.10.008","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms following media exposure to tragic events: Impact of 9\/11 on children at risk for anxiety disorders","volume":"21","author":"Otto","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7176.116232","article-title":"How to calculate sample size for different study designs in medical research","volume":"35","author":"Charan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J psychol Med"},{"key":"B29","article-title":"Sample size calculation in medical studies","volume":"6","author":"Pourhoseingholi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench"},{"key":"B30","article-title":"Statement by Rana Flowers, UNICEF Representative in Bangladesh in response to the OHCHR Fact-Finding Report: Human Rights Violations and Abuses related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh","volume-title":"Statement","author":"Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2025"},{"key":"B31","article-title":"The PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)","volume-title":"D. o. V. Affairs","author":"Silverstein","year":"2013"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-03920-4","article-title":"The psychometric properties of the Bangla Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): preliminary reports from a large-scale validation study","volume":"22","author":"Islam","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-3-21","article-title":"Alternatives for logistic regression in cross-sectional studies: an empirical comparison of models that directly estimate the prevalence ratio","volume":"3","author":"Barros","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"B34","volume-title":"Population and housing census 2022","year":"2023"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2017.1351204","article-title":"Sex and gender differences in post-traumatic stress disorder: an update","volume":"8","author":"Olff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1755088217748970","article-title":"Trauma as counter-revolutionary colonisation: Narratives from (post)revolutionary Egypt","volume":"14","author":"Matthies-Boon","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Int Political Theory"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-008-9185-0","article-title":"Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research","volume":"32","author":"Williams","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Behav Med"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/yco.0000000000000080","article-title":"The role of religion and spirituality in mental health","volume":"27","author":"Weber","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-12-812460-4.00013-6","article-title":"PTSD and aging","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"PTSD Res Q"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07317115.2018.1539801","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder in older adults: A conceptual review","volume":"42","author":"Kaiser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Gerontol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2013.832730","article-title":"Cumulative exposure to traumatic events in older adults","volume":"18","author":"Ogle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aging Ment Health"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pmh.1490","article-title":"Trait resilience and mental health in older adults: A meta\u2010analytic review","volume":"14","author":"F\u00e4rber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pers Ment Health"},{"key":"B43","first-page":"20","volume-title":"Gen Z more likely to report mental health concerns","author":"Bethune","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1824190\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T05:46:26Z","timestamp":1778564786000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1824190\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1824190"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1824190","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"article-number":"1824190"}}