{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T12:12:21Z","timestamp":1783944741338,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by intrusive and distressing thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive\/ritualistic behaviors (compulsions). OCD pathophysiology is thought to arise from dysregulated cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) loops between cognitive and affective circuits. Clinically effective neurosurgical lesions such as cingulotomy and capsulotomy provide insight into mapping distinct symptoms to circuits, and more modern neuromodulation techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), deep brain stimulation (DBS), and focused ultrasound (FUS) provide the opportunity to develop more precise interventions. We review the literature for neuromodulatory interventions for OCD with a focus on identifying common circuits across modalities. Future directions such as closed-loop DBS and more precisely identifying symptom subtypes are also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1828620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T11:47:06Z","timestamp":1783943226000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Circuit-based neuromodulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review of prior and emerging methods"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Peter M.","family":"Lauro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania","place":["Philadelphia, PA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles F.","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania","place":["Philadelphia, PA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania","place":["Philadelphia, PA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marshall M.","family":"Nambiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania","place":["Philadelphia, PA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ully","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher","place":["Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liming","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania","place":["Philadelphia, PA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Casey H.","family":"Halpern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania","place":["Philadelphia, PA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine W.","family":"Scangos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania","place":["Philadelphia, PA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania","place":["Philadelphia, PA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(18)30205-3","article-title":"The epidemiology and clinical features of obsessive compulsive disorder","volume":"15","author":"Rasmussen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clinics North America"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2008.94","article-title":"The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication","volume":"15","author":"Ruscio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"65","article-title":"Psychodynamic perspectives on OCD","volume-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Phenomenology, pathophysiology, and treatment","author":"King","year":"2017"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-01007-8","article-title":"Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"26","author":"Shephard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.10255","article-title":"Cognitive and behavioral treatments for anxiety disorders: A review of meta-analytic findings","volume":"60","author":"Deacon","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1990.01810180077011","article-title":"Specificity of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: Comparison of fluvoxamine and desipramine","volume":"47","author":"Goodman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2014.05.006","article-title":"Pharmacological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"37","author":"Pittenger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clinics North America"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/jcp.v60n0206","article-title":"A review of the efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"60","author":"Pigott","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.06.003","article-title":"Cognitive behavioral treatments of obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder. A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published 1993\u20132014","volume":"40","author":"\u00d6st","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22232","article-title":"Behavioral therapy and serotonin reuptake inhibitor pharmacotherapy in the treatment of obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of head-to-head randomized controlled trials","volume":"31","author":"Romanelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Depression Anxiety"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20298","article-title":"Quality of life in obsessive-compulsive disorder: an evaluation of impairment and a preliminary analysis of the ameliorating effects of treatment","volume":"25","author":"Norberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Depression Anxiety"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.3105","article-title":"Mortality among persons with obsessive-compulsive disorder in Denmark","volume":"73","author":"Meier","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.09.030186.002041","article-title":"Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex","volume":"9","author":"Alexander","year":"1986","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.11.003","article-title":"Obsessive compulsive disorder: Beyond segregated cortico-striatal pathways","volume":"16","author":"Milad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Cognit Sci"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.145.12.1560","article-title":"Cerebral glucose metabolic rates in nondepressed patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"145","author":"Baxter","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1996.01830070041008","article-title":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging of symptom provocation in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"53","author":"Breiter","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70181-7","article-title":"Functional neuroimaging and the neuroanatomy of obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"23","author":"Saxena","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clinics North America"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/15679.003.0018","article-title":"Neurosurgery for Intractable Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Window into Prefrontal Cortical Function in Humans.\u201d","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Frontal Cortex: Organization, Networks, and Function"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22367","article-title":"Dissecting Ocd circuits: From animal models to targeted treatments","volume":"32","author":"Ahmari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Depression Anxiety"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3364","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16734-3","article-title":"A unified connectomic target for deep brain stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03125-0","article-title":"Disruption of neural periodicity predicts clinical response after deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"30","author":"Provenza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2024.05.010","article-title":"From sweet spots to causal circuits: Navigating deep brain stimulation targeting through anatomic, connectomic, and personalized approaches","volume":"96","author":"Scangos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.06.031","article-title":"Four deep brain stimulation targets for obsessive-compulsive disorder: Are they different","volume":"90","author":"Haber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007","article-title":"The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: I. Development, use, and reliability","volume":"46","author":"Goodman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2023.09.034","article-title":"Responsive deep brain stimulation guided by ventral striatal electrophysiology of obsession durably ameliorates compulsion","volume":"112","author":"Nho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01480-w","article-title":"Closed-loop neuromodulation in an individual with treatment-resistant depression","volume":"27","author":"Scangos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-01175-8","article-title":"State-dependent responses to intracranial brain stimulation in a patient with depression","volume":"27","author":"Scangos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03196-z","article-title":"Chronic adaptive deep brain stimulation versus conventional stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a blinded randomized feasibility trial","volume":"30","author":"Oehrn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.84135","article-title":"Concurrent decoding of distinct neurophysiological fingerprints of tremor and bradykinesia in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Lauro","year":"2023","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1967.26.5.0488","article-title":"Stereotaxic anterior cingulotomy for neuropsychiatric illness and intractable pain","volume":"26","author":"Ballantine","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(87)90080-1","article-title":"Treatment of psychiatric illness by stereotactic cingulotomy","volume":"22","author":"Ballantine","year":"1987","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(79)90034-4","article-title":"Hidden-figures-test performance: Lasting effects of unilateral penetrating head injury and transient effects of bilateral cingulotomy","volume":"17","author":"Corkin","year":"1979","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.11.JNS12389","article-title":"Limbic system surgery for treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a prospective long-term follow-up of 64 patients: Clinical article","volume":"118","author":"Sheth","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.11.4.444","article-title":"Alteration of intention and self-initiated action associated with bilateral anterior cingulotomy","volume":"11","author":"Cohen","year":"1999","journal-title":"JNP"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11239","article-title":"Human dorsal anterior cingulate cortex neurons mediate ongoing behavioural adaptation","volume":"488","author":"Sheth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2017.8036985","article-title":"Neuronal activity in human anterior cingulate cortex modulates with internal cognitive state during multi-source interference task","author":"Sklar","year":"2017"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.9.JNS13839","article-title":"Lesion analysis for cingulotomy and limbic leucotomy: comparison and correlation with clinical outcomes: Clinical article","volume":"120","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.11.JNS202211","article-title":"Lesion location and outcome following cingulotomy for obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"136","author":"Starkweather","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2022.889831","article-title":"Understanding cingulotomy\u2019s therapeutic effect in OCD through computer models","volume":"16","author":"Sherif","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Integr Neurosci"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.01.002","article-title":"Localization of function in anterior cingulate cortex: From psychosurgery to functional neuroimaging","volume":"37","author":"Gasquoine","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.1.JNS15601","article-title":"Role of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex in obsessive-compulsive disorder: converging evidence from cognitive neuroscience and psychiatric neurosurgery","volume":"126","author":"McGovern","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"B42","first-page":"59","article-title":"Lobotomie pr\u00e9frontale limit\u00e9e par \u00e9lectrocoagulation des fibres thalamo-frontales \u00e0 leur \u00e9mergence du bras ant\u00e9rieur de la capsule interne","volume":"83","author":"Talairach","year":"1949","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.65.8.914","article-title":"Capsulotomy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: Long-term follow-up of 25 patients","volume":"65","author":"R\u00fcck","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0054-0","article-title":"Evolution of gamma knife capsulotomy for intractable obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"24","author":"Miguel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.11.034","article-title":"Gamma ventral capsulotomy in intractable obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"84","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyab050","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging-guided laser thermal ventral capsulotomy for intractable obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"88","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.4.JNS19275","article-title":"Anterior capsulotomy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review of old and new literature","volume":"133","author":"Pepper","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.04.006","article-title":"Dissociable frontostriatal connectivity: Mechanism and predictor of the clinical efficacy of capsulotomy in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"84","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2021-327730","article-title":"Interstitial laser anterior capsulotomy for obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: lesion size and tractography correlate with outcome","volume":"93","author":"Satzer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-01989-1","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying capsulotomy for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: neural correlates of negative affect processing overlap with deep brain stimulation targets","volume":"28","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.121208.131631","article-title":"Fear extinction as a model for translational neuroscience: Ten years of progress","volume":"63","author":"Milad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)02376-4","article-title":"Electrical stimulation in anterior limbs of internal capsules in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"354","author":"Nuttin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2008.55","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation of the ventral internal capsule\/ventral striatum for obsessive-compulsive disorder: worldwide experience","volume":"15","author":"Greenberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01879-z","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: a crisis of access","volume":"28","author":"Visser-Vandewalle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.122","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens for treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"67","author":"Denys","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3344","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation restores frontostriatal network activity in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"16","author":"Figee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0708514","article-title":"Subthalamic nucleus stimulation in severe obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"359","author":"Mallet","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.124","article-title":"Electrical stimulation in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis alleviates severe obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"21","author":"Luyten","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01307-9","article-title":"A randomised, double-blind, sham-controlled trial of deep brain stimulation of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis for treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"11","author":"Mosley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2013.10.003","article-title":"The anteromedial GPi as a new target for deep brain stimulation in obsessive compulsive disorder","volume":"21","author":"Nair","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852916000286","article-title":"The medial forebrain bundle as a target for deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"22","author":"Coenen","year":"2017","journal-title":"CNS Spectrums"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S30.e17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2012.07.010","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of the inferior thalamic peduncle in the treatment of major depression and obsessive compulsive disorders","volume":"80","author":"Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2013","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/mi.2018.7900","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for obsessive compulsive disorder: A review of results by anatomical target","volume":"10","author":"Borders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ment Illn"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2021-328738","article-title":"Efficacy of deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"93","author":"Gadot","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.706181","article-title":"Restriction of access to deep brain stimulation for refractory OCD: Failure to apply the federal parity act","volume":"12","author":"Davis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13276","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation versus ablative surgery for treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis","volume":"143","author":"Hageman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(24)00115-9","article-title":"The persistent value of lesions in psychiatric neurosurgery","volume":"11","author":"Abdulrazeq","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-025-03008-x","article-title":"Deconstructing a common pathway concept for deep brain stimulation in the case of obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"30","author":"Coenen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.01.017","article-title":"A randomized trial directly comparing ventral capsule and anteromedial subthalamic nucleus stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Clinical and imaging evidence for dissociable effects","volume":"85","author":"Tyagi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-018-0165-z","article-title":"Subthalamic theta activity: a novel human subcortical biomarker for obsessive compulsive disorder","volume":"8","author":"Rappel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy266","article-title":"Cognitive control involves theta power within trials and beta power across trials in the prefrontal-subthalamic network","volume":"141","author":"Zavala","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2322869121","article-title":"Beta and theta oscillations track effort and previous reward in the human basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex during decision making","volume":"121","author":"Hoy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2016.10.011","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Neuroanatomical and pathophysiological considerations","volume":"26","author":"Mulders","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44220-025-00457-9","article-title":"Intracranial electrophysiological biomarkers of compulsivity in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"3","author":"Arbab","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Ment Health"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1163-19.2019","article-title":"Beta oscillations in working memory, executive control of movement and thought, and sensorimotor function","volume":"39","author":"Schmidt","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.222","article-title":"Neuroelectric signatures of reward learning and decision-making in the human nucleus accumbens","volume":"34","author":"Cohen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-025-03690-z","article-title":"Invasive brain mapping identifies personalized therapeutic neuromodulation targets that suppress OCD network activity","volume":"15","author":"Moses Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.121349","article-title":"Stereo-encephalography-guided multi-lead deep brain stimulation for treatment-refractory obsessive compulsive disorder \u2013 study design and individualized surgical targeting approach","volume":"402","author":"Seilheimer","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1227\/neu.0000000000002942","article-title":"Stereoelectroencephalography electrode implantation for inpatient workup of treatment-resistant depression","volume":"95","author":"Starkweather","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1456","article-title":"Subcallosal cingulate deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant unipolar and bipolar depression","volume":"69","author":"Holtzheimer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.59","article-title":"A connectomic approach for subcallosal cingulate deep brain stimulation surgery: prospective targeting in treatment-resistant depression","volume":"23","author":"Riva-Posse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2021.06.011","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: Why anatomy matters","volume":"90","author":"Figee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2009.10.005","article-title":"Physiology of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human brain","volume":"3","author":"Hoogendam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.01.018","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the acute treatment of major depression: A multisite randomized controlled trial","volume":"62","author":"O\u2019Reardon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0b013e31802fa393","article-title":"Three-dimensional distribution of the electric field induced in the brain by transcranial magnetic stimulation using figure-8 and deep H-coils","volume":"24","author":"Roth","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.05.029","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A focus on network mechanisms and state dependence","volume":"19","author":"Cocchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clin"},{"key":"B87","article-title":"FDA permits marketing of transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder","year":"2024"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2017.05.005","article-title":"Hypoactivation and dysconnectivity of a frontostriatal circuit during goal-directed planning as an endophenotype for obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"2","author":"Vaghi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry: Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.08.009","article-title":"Specific frontostriatal circuits for impaired cognitive flexibility and goal-directed planning in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Evidence from resting-state functional connectivity","volume":"81","author":"Vaghi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2020.111081","article-title":"Functional disruption in prefrontal-striatal network in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"300","author":"Sha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.12.019","article-title":"Connectivity profile predictive of effective deep brain stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"85","author":"Baldermann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.02.031","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorders: Double blind randomized clinical trial","volume":"238","author":"Elbeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.01.048","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review and pairwise\/network meta-analysis","volume":"302","author":"Fitzsimmons","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2015.12.005","article-title":"Brain circuitry of compulsivity","volume":"26","author":"van den Heuvel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852922000803","article-title":"Brain activation alterations with adjunctive deep transcranial magnetic stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder: an fMRI study","volume":"28","author":"Reddy","year":"2023","journal-title":"CNS Spectrums"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715002998","article-title":"Common and differential alterations of general emotion processing in obsessive-compulsive and social anxiety disorder","volume":"46","author":"Weidt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22038","article-title":"Subjective uncertainty and limbic hyperactivation in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"34","author":"Stern","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.02.002","article-title":"Processing of primary and secondary rewards: A quantitative meta-analysis and review of human functional neuroimaging studies","volume":"37","author":"Sescousse","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.18101180","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of deep transcranial magnetic stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A prospective multicenter randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"176","author":"Carmi","year":"2019","journal-title":"AJP"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.11.009","article-title":"Real-world efficacy of deep TMS for obsessive-compulsive disorder: Post-marketing data collected from twenty-two clinical sites","volume":"137","author":"Roth","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2014.62","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the orbitofrontal cortex for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind, crossover study","volume":"4","author":"Nauczyciel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02077-0","article-title":"The functional connectome in obsessive-compulsive disorder: resting-state mega-analysis and machine learning classification for the ENIGMA-OCD consortium","volume":"28","author":"Bruin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145709990435","article-title":"Randomized sham-controlled trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment-resistant obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"13","author":"Mantovani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.19070720","article-title":"Stanford accelerated intelligent neuromodulation therapy for treatment-resistant depression","volume":"177","author":"Cole","year":"2020","journal-title":"AJP"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.02.013","article-title":"Accelerated neuromodulation therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder","volume":"14","author":"Williams","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation: Basic Translational Clin Res Neuromodulation"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02769-9","article-title":"Efficacy and clinical predictors of response to rTMS treatment in pharmacoresistant obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): a retrospective study","volume":"20","author":"Rostami","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13185358","article-title":"Metaanalysis of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) efficacy for OCD treatment: the impact of stimulation parameters, symptom subtype and rTMS-induced electrical field","volume":"13","author":"Dehghani-Arani","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2024.120527","article-title":"Individualized, connectome-based, non-invasive stimulation of OCD deep-brain targets: A proof-of-concept","volume":"288","author":"Baldi","year":"2024","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2024.06.029","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced plasticity improving cognitive control in obsessive-compulsive disorder, part I: clinical and neuroimaging outcomes from a randomized trial","volume":"97","author":"Fitzsimmons","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-00418-z","article-title":"Applications of focused ultrasound in the brain: from thermoablation to drug delivery","volume":"17","author":"Meng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1159\/000535621","article-title":"Focused ultrasound for treatment of movement disorders: A review of non-food and drug administration approved indications","volume":"102","author":"Cummins","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.170188","article-title":"A study of novel bilateral thermal capsulotomy with focused ultrasound for treatment-refractory obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: 2-year follow-up","volume":"43","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2024.08.015","article-title":"Long-term safety and efficacy of focused ultrasound capsulotomy for obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depressive disorder","volume":"97","author":"Hamani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02799-9","article-title":"Long-term clinical outcome of a novel bilateral capsulotomy with focused ultrasound in refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder treatment","volume":"30","author":"Chang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.825802","article-title":"Low intensity focused ultrasound for non-invasive and reversible deep brain neuromodulation\u2014A paradigm shift in psychiatric research","volume":"13","author":"Arulpragasam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.03.004","article-title":"A low-intensity transcranial focused ultrasound parameter exploration study of the ventral capsule\/ventral striatum","volume":"28","author":"Chou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-025-02252-7","article-title":"Reversible and noninvasive modulation of a historical surgical target for depression with low intensity focused ultrasound","volume":"51","author":"Tsuchiyagaito","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2024.09.029","article-title":"Noninvasive modulation of the subcallosal cingulate and depression with focused ultrasonic waves","volume":"97","author":"Riis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2034954","article-title":"Electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"386","author":"Espinoza","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.14r09129","article-title":"Electroconvulsive therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review","volume":"76","author":"Fontenelle","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2012.08035.x","article-title":"Exploration and modulation of brain network interactions with noninvasive brain stimulation in combination with neuroimaging","volume":"35","author":"Shafi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106171","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"173","author":"Moshfeghinia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-00928-w","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of transcranial direct current stimulation as an add-on treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized, sham-controlled trial","volume":"46","author":"Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.12010073","article-title":"Presupplementary motor area hyperactivity during response inhibition: a candidate endophenotype of obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"169","author":"de Wit","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61020169","article-title":"Comparing different montages of transcranial direct current stimulation in treating treatment-resistant obsessive compulsive disorder: A randomized, single-blind clinical trial","volume":"61","author":"Chu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicina"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1828620\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T11:47:08Z","timestamp":1783943228000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1828620\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"references-count":125,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1828620"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1828620","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"article-number":"1828620"}}