{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T20:08:28Z","timestamp":1790021308930,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006095","name":"Helse S\u00f8r-\u00d8st RHF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among evidence-based treatments for personality disorder (PD), mentalization-based treatment (MBT) represents a manualized, long-term treatment. Both MBT and non-manualized psychotherapeutic treatments (NMT) are currently applied for patients with PDs in Norway. This clinical population is characterized by varying impairment of personality functioning (PF). Few have investigated how MBT and NMT are suited for the heterogeneity of personality problems presenting to health services and how they compare. This study aimed to investigate 1) characteristics of patients admitted to MBT versus NMT, 2) longitudinal change in PF among patients in MBT versus NMT, and 3) associations between initial PD status and outcome differences in MBT and NMT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The current study is observational, reflecting regular outpatient PD health services. Data was retrieved from a Norwegian quality registry (Network for Personality Disorders, period 2017-2024) and included all patients with information on baseline PD assessment (SCID-5-PD), treatment specification (i.e., MBT or NMT), and self-report data on PF outcome (global level of personality functioning: LPFS-BF, and specific personality problems: SIPP-SF, N\u00a0=\u00a0954, N\n                      <jats:sub>MBT<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 565, N\n                      <jats:sub>NMT<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 389). Longitudinal estimations were based on linear mixed models.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients admitted to MBT treatment had more severe personality pathology, more often a Borderline PD (BPD) diagnosis, and a higher symptom burden compared to NMT. Treatment condition explained little longitudinal variation and improvement of all PF aspects during treatment was comparable. Effect sizes ranged from medium to large in both treatment groups. Increasing number of borderline and narcissistic PD criteria were independently associated with greater improvement in MBT versus NMT. Poorer improvement in MBT was associated with a higher number of avoidant PD (AvPD) criteria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Admittance to MBT versus NMT appeared largely matched to severity and type of PD. Clinically relevant improvements were found in both MBT and NMT. Improvement rates were larger in MBT for patients with BPD, more severe PD conditions, and comorbid narcissistic traits. Further development of effective treatments for AvPD is needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1831782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T05:39:26Z","timestamp":1782106766000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Improvement of personality functioning in patients with personality disorders: a comparative study of mentalization-based treatment versus non-manualized treatments"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Kjetil","family":"Bremer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Treatment Research, Department of research and Innovation, Division Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital","place":["Oslo, Norway"]},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo","place":["Oslo, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geir","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Treatment Research, Department of research and Innovation, Division Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital","place":["Oslo, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Ekberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quality Laboratory of Psychotherapy, National Advisory Center for Substance Use and Addictive Disorders, Severe Concurrent Mental Health Disorders and Personality Disorders, Oslo University hospital","place":["Oslo, Norway"]},{"name":"Nydalen District Psychiatric center, Division Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital","place":["Oslo, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina T. E.","family":"Morken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction and Substance Use Clinic, Haukeland University Hospital","place":["Bergen, Norway"]},{"name":"Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen","place":["Bergen, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helene A.","family":"Nissen-Lie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo","place":["Oslo, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eileen","family":"Oftedal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group Outpatient Clinic, Stavanger District Psychiatric Center, Division of Adult Mental Health Care, Stavanger University Hospital","place":["Stavanger, Norway"]},{"name":"Department of Caring and Ethics, Faculty of Health Sciences. 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