{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T06:21:18Z","timestamp":1783405278737,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Self-esteem is widely regarded as an important construct in the psychological functioning of individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) symptoms. During emerging adulthood, fluctuations in self-esteem are often linked to emotional dysregulation and maladaptive adjustment; however, self-esteem has rarely been examined within a broader system of culturally relevant psychological resources. Drawing on the Therav\u0101da Buddhist framework of the Ten P\u0101ram\u012bs, inner strengths may represent protective resources that can be examined alongside self-esteem to clarify how these strengths co-occur among students experiencing BPD symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study employed a regularized psychological network approach to investigate partial associations between self-esteem and Ten P\u0101ram\u012b\u2013based inner strengths among Thai university students screening positive for BPD symptoms. Participants were 346 Thai university students (25.4% male, 74.6% female; mean age = 21.60 \u00b1 2.24 years) identified using a standardized BPD screening instrument. Inner strengths included Truthfulness, Perseverance, Wisdom, Generosity, adherence to the Five Precepts, Meditation, Tolerance, Equanimity, Determination, and Loving-kindness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The estimated network showed a predominantly positive pattern of partial associations among strengths. The strongest edge was observed between Generosity and Loving-kindness, and links between self-esteem and Determination (and Equanimity) were among the most consistently estimated associations (based on bootstrap confidence intervals). Centrality indices were examined descriptively; however, case-dropping bootstrap results indicated very limited stability of centrality estimates (CS(cor = 0.7) = 0.13 for strength and expected influence), and centrality rankings were therefore treated as strictly exploratory. Discussion: Although some negative partial associations were estimated (e.g., involving Truthfulness, Perseverance, and Equanimity), their precision was limited and such patterns should be treated as exploratory. Exploratory gender-stratified analyses suggested that the strongest edges were similar in the female subsample, whereas the male subsample yielded a sparse\/near-empty regularized network, limiting inference regarding gender differences. Given the cross-sectional design, all associations are interpreted as conditional co-occurrence rather than directional or causal effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, these findings highlight a small set of robust co-occurring inner strengths linked to self-esteem in Thai university students with BPD symptoms and provide a culturally informed basis for hypothesis generation regarding strengths-based skills cultivation and supportive interventions in university settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1847294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T05:48:05Z","timestamp":1783403285000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Self-esteem and inner strengths: a network study in Thai 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