{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T06:21:13Z","timestamp":1783405273934,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Anxiety disorders are common but often under-recognized in primary care. Validation data for the GAD-7 and GAD-2 in Eastern European primary care settings remain limited. To determine the reliability and diagnostic performance of the GAD-7 and GAD-2 for the most prevalent anxiety disorders in Latvian primary care using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) as the reference standard.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Consecutive adult patients from 24 primary care practices completed the GAD-7 and GAD-2 prior to consultation. Within two weeks, blinded psychiatrists conducted MINI interviews by telephone. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach\u2019s alpha. Diagnostic accuracy was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic analyses, sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The final analytical sample comprised 1,467 participants. The most prevalent MINI-defined anxiety disorders were agoraphobia (8.0%), generalized anxiety disorder (6.1%), and social phobia (4.7%). Internal consistency was 0.86 for the GAD-7 and 0.72 for the GAD-2. For generalized anxiety disorder, optimal cut-offs were \u22656 (GAD-7; sensitivity 71.9%, specificity 76.3%, AUC\u00a0=\u00a00.799) and \u22652 (GAD-2; sensitivity 80.9%, specificity 65.8%, AUC\u00a0=\u00a00.772). GAD-7 and GAD-2 performance for social phobia, agoraphobia and any anxiety disorders was relatively weak. For any anxiety disorder, the optimal thresholds were identified as \u22654 (GAD-7; sensitivity 70.6%, specificity 61.6%, AUC\u00a0=\u00a00.718) and \u22652 (GAD-2; sensitivity 64.9%, specificity 68.1%, AUC\u00a0=\u00a00.691).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The GAD-7 and GAD-2 demonstrate satisfactory reliability and the strongest diagnostic accuracy to screen for generalized anxiety disorder in Latvian primary care, whereas performance for other anxiety disorder subtypes was comparatively more limited. Subtypes of anxiety disorders should be considered and specific cut-offs calculated to improve the detection of different anxiety disorders in routine general practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1855491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T05:47:57Z","timestamp":1783403277000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The reliability and diagnostic accuracy of the GAD-7 and GAD-2 for the most prevalent anxiety disorders in Latvian primary care"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Lubova","family":"Renemane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Narcology, Riga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University","place":["Riga, Latvia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anda","family":"\u0136\u012bv\u012bte-Urt\u0101ne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health, Riga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University","place":["Riga, Latvia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elm\u0101rs","family":"Ranc\u0101ns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Narcology, Riga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University","place":["Riga, Latvia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s43045-023-00315-3","article-title":"Epidemiology of anxiety disorders: global burden and sociodemographic associations","volume":"30","author":"Javaid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Middle East Curr Psychiatry"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmp071","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence, morbidity and treatment patterns in a cohort of patients diagnosed with anxiety in UK primary care","volume":"27","author":"Martin-Merino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Family Pract"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.10065","article-title":"Generalized anxiety disorder: prevalence, burden, and cost to society","volume":"16","author":"Wittchen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Depression Anxiety"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003391531","article-title":"Anxiety and depression in primary care: international perspectives endorsed by the World Organization of Family Doctors (WONCA)","volume-title":"Anxiety and Depression in Primary Care","author":"Mohd Sidik","year":"2023"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00359-7","article-title":"Anxiety disorders","volume":"397","author":"Penninx","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00004","article-title":"Anxiety disorders in primary care: prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection","volume":"146","author":"Kroenke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Internal Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22711","article-title":"Treatment gap for anxiety disorders is global: results of the World Mental Health Surveys in 21 countries","volume":"35","author":"Alonso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Depression Anxiety"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appr.2024.100194","article-title":"Epidemiolog\u00eda de la ansiedad y su contexto en atenci\u00f3n primaria","volume":"6","author":"Dom\u00ednguez Dom\u00ednguez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Atenci\u00f3n Primaria Pr\u00e1ctica"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Internal Med"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02753-3","article-title":"A systematic review of validated screening tools for anxiety disorders and PTSD in low to middle income countries","volume":"20","author":"Mughal","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2015.11.005","article-title":"Screening for anxiety disorders with the GAD-7 and GAD-2: a systematic review and diagnostic metaanalysis","volume":"39","author":"Plummer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-015-0583-8","article-title":"Validation of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and GAD-2 in patients with migraine","volume":"16","author":"Seo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8224","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.8224","article-title":"Using Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2 (GAD-2) and GAD-7 in a primary care setting","volume":"12","author":"Sapra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2014.04.005","article-title":"Validation of the generalized anxiety disorder-7 in people with epilepsy: a MEPSY study","volume":"35","author":"Seo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3109\/02813432.2014.920597","article-title":"Prevalence of anxiety disorders among Finnish primary care high utilizers and validation of Finnish translation of GAD-7 and GAD-2 screening tools","volume":"32","author":"Kujanp\u00e4\u00e4","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scandinavian J Primary Health Care"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2026.103149","article-title":"Validity and factor structure of the Czech GAD-7 across twenty samples and four independent translations","volume":"120","author":"C\u00edgler","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"B17","first-page":"22","article-title":"The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10","author":"Sheehan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-017-0674-5","article-title":"The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview is useful and well accepted as part of the clinical assessment for depression and anxiety in primary care: a mixed-methods study","volume":"19","author":"Pettersson","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Family Pract"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2013.08.1692","article-title":"Lost in translation: translatability of psychiatric terms \u2013 the example of the Mini\u2013International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.)","volume":"16","author":"Boudrot","year":"2013","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"B20","article-title":"Use of a structured diagnostic interview to identify depressive episodes in an epidemiologic study: a posteriori internal validation","volume":"47","author":"Duburcq","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rev d\u2019Epidemiologie Sante Publique"},{"key":"B21","volume-title":"IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0","year":"2019"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764014542815","article-title":"Psychiatric morbidity and predisposing factors in a primary care population in Madrid","volume":"61","author":"Reneses","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Soc Psychiatry"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-009-0056-y","article-title":"Prevalence of mental disorders in primary care: results from the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders in primary care study (DASMAP)","volume":"45","author":"Serrano-Blanco","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-012-0620-8","article-title":"Mental disorders in primary care in Israel: prevalence and risk factors","volume":"48","author":"Laufer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00219-7","article-title":"High prevalence of mental disorders in primary care","volume":"78","author":"Ansseau","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171200147X","article-title":"Global prevalence of anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-regression","volume":"43","author":"Baxter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.497","article-title":"A systematic review of reviews on the prevalence of anxiety disorders in adult populations","volume":"6","author":"Remes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e3181ec173d","article-title":"Receiver operating characteristic curve in diagnostic test assessment","volume":"5","author":"Mandrekar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.01.032","article-title":"Sensitivity to change and minimal clinically important difference of the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire (GAD-7)","volume":"265","author":"Toussaint","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015455","article-title":"Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) and 2-item (GAD-2) scales for detecting anxiety disorders in adults","volume":"2025","author":"Akt\u00fcrk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Systematic Rev"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119913","article-title":"An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of the predictive validity of the general anxiety disorder (GAD)-7 and GAD-2 in screening for anxiety disorders","volume":"391","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711000985","article-title":"The structure of depression, anxiety and somatic symptoms in primary care","volume":"42","author":"Simms","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(97)83296-8","article-title":"The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). A short diagnostic structured interview: reliability and validity according to the CIDI","volume":"12","author":"Lecrubier","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jcp.0000139758.03834.ad","article-title":"The reliability of the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview-Italian version","volume":"24","author":"Rossi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2005.01408.x","article-title":"Reliability and validity of Japanese version of the Mini\u2010International Neuropsychiatric Interview","volume":"59","author":"Otsubo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1855491\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T05:47:59Z","timestamp":1783403279000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1855491\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1855491"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1855491","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"article-number":"1855491"}}