{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:57:41Z","timestamp":1791910661560,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mental illness stigma undermines help-seeking, treatment engagement, and social inclusion globally. Although the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region has undergone rapid social and health-system modernization, few studies have simultaneously assessed public knowledge, attitudes, and intended behaviour toward people with mental illness using validated instruments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine mental-health knowledge, public stigma, and social acceptance among adults in GCC countries using the Mental Health Knowledge Schedule (MAKS), the Reported and Intended Behaviour Scale (RIBS), and the 40-item Community Attitudes toward the Mentally Ill (CAMI) scale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      An Arabic-language online survey was completed by 1, 557 adults (84.1% female; mean age = 26.2 years,\n                      <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a010.6; 80.5% from Kuwait). Descriptive statistics, bivariate analyses, and simultaneous-entry multiple linear regression were conducted. Internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach\u2019s \u03b1 and McDonald\u2019s \u03c9, supplemented by item-total correlations and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the CAMI.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants reported moderate mental-health knowledge (MAKS\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a041.6,\n                      <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a05.9), moderately positive attitudes (CAMI\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0135.2,\n                      <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a016.2), and moderate behavioural willingness (RIBS\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a013.1,\n                      <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a03.2). Knowledge and attitudes were moderately correlated (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0= .341,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&amp;lt;.001), but the association between attitudes and intended behaviour was weaker (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0= .209,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&amp;lt;.001). In regression, social restrictiveness was the strongest predictor of behavioural engagement (\u03b2 = .374,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&amp;lt;.001), followed by male sex (\u03b2 = .098) and MAKS total (\u03b2 = \u2212.103). A confirmatory factor analysis indicated poor fit of the original four-factor CAMI structure (CFI\u00a0= .673, RMSEA\u00a0= .141), supporting cautious subscale-level interpretation. A supplementary regression using the more reliable CAMI total score confirmed the primary pattern. Sensitivity analyses following removal of implausible age entries and restricting to Kuwait-only participants produced substantively identical findings.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings, drawn from a predominantly Kuwaiti, female, and university-educated convenience sample, indicate that respondents endorsed sympathetic and recovery-oriented principles yet showed substantial hesitation regarding close social contact. The disconnect between attitudes and behavioural willingness highlights the need for culturally grounded, contact-based anti-stigma interventions that target social distance specifically, while requiring replication in more representative GCC populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1860027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T05:37:21Z","timestamp":1782797841000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Public knowledge, stigma, and social acceptance toward mental illness in the Gulf region: a cross-sectional survey"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Hamad","family":"Alhamad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Therapy Department, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kuwait University, Health Science Center","place":["Kuwait City, 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