{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T08:29:49Z","timestamp":1786436989530,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with executive-control deficits, yet the simultaneous electrophysiological and hemodynamic correlates of Stroop-task performance remain incompletely characterized. This study investigated parallel neural and prefrontal hemodynamic alterations during cognitive conflict processing using simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-two patients with MDD and twenty-one healthy controls completed a color-word Stroop task while EEG and fNIRS were recorded simultaneously. Behavioral performance, stimulus-locked event-related potential (ERP) components, oscillatory activity, and prefrontal region-of-interest (ROI) hemoglobin responses were analyzed using group \u00d7 condition mixed-design analysis of variance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with healthy controls, patients with MDD showed impaired behavioral performance together with altered ERP components, oscillatory activity, and prefrontal hemoglobin responses during Stroop-task performance, indicating concurrent electrophysiological and hemodynamic abnormalities associated with executive-control dysfunction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings support the presence of parallel task-related electrophysiological and prefrontal hemodynamic alterations in MDD during cognitive conflict processing. Larger prospective studies incorporating trial-level reliability metrics, channel-wise fNIRS analyses, and clinical covariates are warranted to further validate these observations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1884169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T07:57:36Z","timestamp":1786435056000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Parallel electrophysiological and prefrontal hemodynamic alterations during stroop task performance in major depressive disorder: a simultaneous EEG-fNIRS study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Security Department, Chengdu Aeronautic Polytechnic University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Language, Culture, and International Communication, Sichuan Tourism University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Student Affairs, Sichuan Nursing Vocational College","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology","place":["Loudi, Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fourth People\u2019s Hospital of Chengdu","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lv","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Shanxi Medical University","place":["Fenyang, Shanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2008.05.028","article-title":"Response conflict and frontocingulate dysfunction in unmedicated participants with major depression","volume":"46","author":"Holmes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131305","article-title":"Cognition and depression: current status and future directions","volume":"6","author":"Gotlib","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028727","article-title":"Major depressive disorder is associated with broad impairments on neuropsychological measures of executive function: a meta-analysis and review","volume":"139","author":"Snyder","year":"2013","journal-title":"psychol Bull"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291713002535","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Rock","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.121.1.15","article-title":"Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions","volume":"18","author":"Stroop","year":"1935","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.109.2.163","article-title":"Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: an integrative review","volume":"109","author":"MacLeod","year":"1991","journal-title":"psychol Bull"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00557","article-title":"The stroop color and word test","volume":"8","author":"Scarpina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/bf03333784","article-title":"Strategies in the color-word Stroop task","volume":"22","author":"Logan","year":"1984","journal-title":"Bull Psychonomic Soc"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.10052","article-title":"Near-infrared\u00a0spectroscopy can detect brain activity during a color-word matching Stroop task in\u00a0an\u00a0event-related design","volume":"17","author":"Schroeter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0028-3932(99)00106-2","article-title":"An ERP study of the temporal course of the Stroop color-word interference effect","volume":"38","author":"Liotti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0665","article-title":"Color-word matching Stroop task: separating interference and response conflict","volume":"13","author":"Zysset","year":"2001","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014107687907200517","article-title":"Electroencephalography","volume":"57","author":"Binnie","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.12.039","article-title":"Towards the utilization of EEG as a brain imaging tool","volume":"61","author":"Michel","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2007.00602.x","article-title":"Influence of cognitive control and mismatch on the N2 component of the ERP: a review","volume":"45","author":"Folstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1996.tb00425.x","article-title":"N200 in the flanker task as a neurobehavioral tool for investigating executive control","volume":"33","author":"Kopp","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.04.019","article-title":"Updating P300: an integrative theory of P3a and P3b","volume":"118","author":"Polich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(85)91017-x","article-title":"ERPs to response production and inhibition","volume":"60","author":"Pfefferbaum","year":"1985","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2020.105637","article-title":"A review on the electroencephalography markers of Stroop executive control processes","volume":"146","author":"Heidlmayr","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2014.04.012","article-title":"Frontal theta as a mechanism for cognitive control","volume":"18","author":"Cavanagh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Cognit Sci"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13948","article-title":"The present and future use of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) for cognitive neuroscience","volume":"1464","author":"Pinti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.03.067","article-title":"Application of functional near-infrared spectroscopy in psychiatry","volume":"85","author":"Ehlis","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-010-2175-8","article-title":"Correlation of visual-evoked hemodynamic responses and potentials in human brain","volume":"202","author":"Nasi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22155865","article-title":"Concurrent fNIRS and EEG for brain function investigation: a systematic, methodology-focused review","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.08.001","article-title":"Prefrontal activation due to Stroop interference increases during development-an event-related fNIRS study","volume":"23","author":"Schroeter","year":"2004","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.06.043","article-title":"A NIRS-fMRI investigation of prefrontal cortex activity during a working memory task","volume":"83","author":"Sato","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.2152\/jmi.59.45","article-title":"Multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy reveals reduced prefrontal activation in schizophrenia patients during performance of the kana Stroop task","volume":"59","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Med Invest"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1221381","article-title":"Lateralization difference in functional\u00a0activity during Stroop tasks: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy and EEG\u00a0simultaneous study","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-023-02524-1","article-title":"Open access dataset integrating EEG and fNIRS during Stroop tasks","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2016.09.005","article-title":"Psychometric considerations in the measurement of event-related brain potentials: Guidelines for measurement and reporting","volume":"111","author":"Clayson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13049","article-title":"How many trials does it take to get a significant ERP effect? It depends","volume":"55","author":"Boudewyn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.2147\/ndt.s137776","article-title":"Electroencephalogram alpha asymmetry in patients with depressive disorder: current perspectives","volume":"9","author":"Kaiser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.jbo.18.9.096014","article-title":"Correlation between hemodynamic and\u00a0electrophysiological signals dissociates neural correlates of conflict detection and\u00a0resolution in a Stroop task: a simultaneous near-infrared spectroscopy and event-related potential study","volume":"18","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"J BioMed Opt"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.06.028","article-title":"Between-brain connectivity during imitation measured by fNIRS","volume":"63","author":"Holper","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.09.003","article-title":"NIRS-based hyperscanning reveals increased interpersonal coherence in superior frontal cortex during cooperation","volume":"59","author":"Cui","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1165782","article-title":"Lateralization differences in functional connectivity during Stroop tasks measured by simultaneous EEG and fNIRS","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00677","article-title":"Prefrontal activation during verbal fluency task in patients with major depressive disorder: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.838389","article-title":"Functional near-infrared spectroscopy in major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2011.00060","article-title":"Reduced prefrontal cortex activation during the verbal fluency task in major depressive disorder as measured by near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"2","author":"Pu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.04.001","article-title":"Frontal and right temporal activations correlate negatively with depression severity during verbal fluency task: a multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy study","volume":"3","author":"Noda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2011.0008","article-title":"Functional and effective connectivity: a review","volume":"1","author":"Friston","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Connect"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.3390\/s22041477","article-title":"Complex Pearson correlation coefficient for EEG connectivity analysis","volume":"22","author":"Sverko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2009.11.020","article-title":"A MATLAB toolbox for Granger causal connectivity analysis","volume":"186","author":"Seth","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/npg-11-561-2004","article-title":"Application of the cross wavelet transform and wavelet coherence to geophysical time series","volume":"11","author":"Grinsted","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nonlinear Proc Geophys"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1049719","article-title":"Studying hemispheric lateralization of 4-month-old infants from different language groups through near-infrared spectroscopy-based connectivity","volume":"13","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1884169\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T07:57:37Z","timestamp":1786435057000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1884169\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1884169"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1884169","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"article-number":"1884169"}}