{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T12:24:33Z","timestamp":1787142273092,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) constitutes a profoundly incapacitating psychiatric disorder distinguished by the presence of intrusive recollections, heightened arousal, disruptions in sleep patterns, cognitive impairments, and diminished quality of life (QoL). Notwithstanding the advancements achieved in pharmacological treatments and trauma-oriented psychotherapeutic interventions, a considerable number of patients encounter persistent residual symptoms, underscoring the necessity for supplementary therapeutic modalities. This review scrutinizes the nascent role of physical exercise as an adjunctive treatment for PTSD, concentrating on clinical evidence pertinent to the alleviation of symptoms, regulation of sleep, enhancement of cognitive function, and augmentation of the efficacy of trauma-focused psychotherapeutic interventions, particularly exposure-based therapies. Empirical data derived from randomized controlled trials and preliminary studies suggest that modalities such as aerobic exercise, high-intensity interval training, resistance training, and comprehensive exercise regimens may contribute to reductions in the severity of PTSD symptoms, as well as associated anxiety, depression, hyperarousal, and insomnia. Furthermore, exercise interventions have been associated with improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness, mindfulness, interoceptive awareness, and overall psychological QoL across a variety of populations, including veterans, refugees, law enforcement personnel, military service members, and adolescents. Mechanistically, physical exercise appears to augment neuroplasticity through transient elevations in brain-derived neurotrophic factor, modulation of autonomic regulatory functions, and facilitation of fear extinction learning processes. Significantly, aerobic exercise in conjunction with exposure-based psychotherapy has shown promising potential for enhancing long-term clinical outcomes. Collectively, the existing body of evidence suggests that exercise may represent a feasible, safe, and biologically plausible adjunctive intervention for PTSD; however, larger multicenter trials are necessary to establish optimal exercise prescriptions and elucidate the underlying neurobiological mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1889239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T11:29:33Z","timestamp":1787138973000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The role of exercise in post-traumatic stress disorder: clinical evidence, sleep, cognition, and psychotherapy augmentation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yuyin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Dankook University","place":["Yongin-si, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuyi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Shenyang Sport University","place":["Shenyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2017.1353383","article-title":"Trauma and PTSD in the WHO world mental health surveys","volume":"8","author":"Kessler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291717000708","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder in the World Mental Health Surveys","volume":"47","author":"Koenen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1132","article-title":"Association of torture and other potentially traumatic events with mental health outcomes among populations exposed to mass conflict and displacement: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"302","author":"Steel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.06.002","article-title":"Sexual assault victimization and psychopathology: A review and meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Dworkin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2013.00118","article-title":"Epigenetic biomarkers as predictors and correlates of symptom improvement following psychotherapy in combat veterans with PTSD","volume":"4","author":"Yehuda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1364.008","article-title":"The relationship between cognitive and brain changes in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"1071","author":"Bremner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2215-0366(19)30031-8","article-title":"The epidemiology of trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder in a representative cohort of young people in England and Wales","volume":"6","author":"Lewis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-018-0898-7","article-title":"Recent genetics and epigenetics approaches to PTSD","volume":"20","author":"Daskalakis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.0733-19.2019","article-title":"Revisiting the stress concept: Implications for affective disorders","volume":"40","author":"McEwen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/jcp.12r08225","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the efficacy of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"74","author":"Watts","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2019.1709709","article-title":"Dropout from psychological therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Lewis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3339","article-title":"Biological studies of post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"13","author":"Pitman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.09.006","article-title":"Response variation following trauma: a translational neuroscience approach to understanding PTSD","volume":"56","author":"Yehuda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.0951","article-title":"Comparative efficacy and acceptability of pharmacological, psychotherapeutic, and combination treatments in adults with posttraumatic stress disorder: a network meta-analysis","volume":"76","author":"Merz","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.10.003","article-title":"Psychological treatments for adults with posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Cusack","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000062","article-title":"Time course of treatment dropout in cognitive-behavioral therapies for posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"8","author":"Gutner","year":"2016","journal-title":"psychol Trauma: Theory Research Pract Policy"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000035","article-title":"Veterans' perspectives on initiating evidence-based psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"7","author":"Hundt","year":"2015","journal-title":"psychol Trauma: Theory Research Pract Policy"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.12040432","article-title":"Sleep disturbances as the hallmark of PTSD: where are we now","volume":"170","author":"Germain","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038039","article-title":"A quantitative meta-analysis of neurocognitive functioning in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"141","author":"Scott","year":"2015","journal-title":"psychol Bull"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1682\/jrrd.2011.09.0162","article-title":"Assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder-related functional impairment: a review","volume":"49","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.114.148551","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"206","author":"Hoskins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.03.007","article-title":"It is time to address the crisis in the pharmacotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder: a consensus statement of the PTSD Psychopharmacology Working Group","volume":"82","author":"Krystal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pst0000231","article-title":"A guide to guidelines for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in adults: an update","volume":"56","author":"Hamblen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychother (Chicago Ill)"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.146","article-title":"Inflammation in fear- and anxiety-based disorders: PTSD, GAD, and beyond","volume":"42","author":"Michopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2012.02.002","article-title":"Relations among posttraumatic stress disorder, comorbid major depression, and HPA function: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Morris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31887\/dcns.2006.8.4\/jbremner","article-title":"Traumatic stress: effects on the brain","volume":"8","author":"Bremner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2006.00609.x","article-title":"Neurobiology of exercise","volume":"14","author":"Dishman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obes (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1015950108","article-title":"Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory","volume":"108","author":"Erickson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.10.017","article-title":"Physical activity in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"230","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00133","article-title":"Exercise intervention in PTSD: a narrative review and rationale for implementation","volume":"10","author":"Hegberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01612840.2017.1391903","article-title":"The effect of physical activity on PTSD","volume":"39","author":"Oppizzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Issues Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0039-7","article-title":"Brain circuit dysfunction in post-traumatic stress disorder: from mouse to man","volume":"19","author":"Fenster","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.02.005","article-title":"HPA axis regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis focusing on potential moderators","volume":"100","author":"Schumacher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.08.005","article-title":"Holocaust exposure induced intergenerational effects on FKBP5 methylation","volume":"80","author":"Yehuda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1910-9","article-title":"Salivary cortisol in post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmra012941","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"346","author":"Yehuda","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.10.019","article-title":"The stress-buffering effect of acute exercise: evidence for HPA axis negative feedback","volume":"51","author":"Zschucke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.133.5.725","article-title":"The psychophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis","volume":"133","author":"Pole","year":"2007","journal-title":"psychol Bull"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2019.02.005","article-title":"Resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia and posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis","volume":"144","author":"Campbell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00322.2025","article-title":"Individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder have increased beat-to-beat blood pressure variability","volume":"331","author":"McGranahan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2167-1222.1000182","article-title":"Meta-analysis of heart rate variability as a psychophysiological indicator of posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"3","author":"Nagpal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trauma Treat"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200333010-00003","article-title":"Effect of endurance exercise on autonomic control of heart rate","volume":"33","author":"Carter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mhpa.2014.10.001","article-title":"Physical activity and stress resilience: considering those at-risk for developing mental health problems","volume":"8","author":"Hegberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ment Health Phys Act"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2215-0366(15)00309-0","article-title":"Inflammatory markers in post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression","volume":"2","author":"Passos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1097\/hrp.0000000000000167","article-title":"Oxidative stress, inflammation, and neuroprogression in chronic PTSD","volume":"26","author":"Miller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Harvard Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3041","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise: mechanisms and implications for the prevention and treatment of disease","volume":"11","author":"Gleeson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2019.100180","article-title":"HPA axis function and diurnal cortisol in post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Speer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol Stress"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2025.1567603","article-title":"How does exercise regulate the physiological responses of post traumatic stress disorder? The crosstalk between oxidative stress and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1320-3_16","article-title":"Neurocircuitry models of posttraumatic stress disorder and extinction: human neuroimaging research--past, present, and future","volume":"60","author":"Rauch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-5380-2-9","article-title":"Quantitative meta-analysis of neural activity in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"2","author":"Hayes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Mood Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.06.003","article-title":"Neurocircuitry models of posttraumatic stress disorder and beyond: a meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies","volume":"36","author":"Patel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2298","article-title":"Be smart, exercise your heart: exercise effects on brain and cognition","volume":"9","author":"Hillman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2007.00537.x","article-title":"Polysomnographically measured sleep abnormalities in PTSD: a meta-analytic review","volume":"44","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.08.004","article-title":"Sleep in posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of polysomnographic findings","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/00485713-20160125-01","article-title":"Sleep disturbances in posttraumatic stress disorder: updated review and implications for treatment","volume":"46","author":"Koffel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatr Ann"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-018-0916-9","article-title":"Recent advancements in treating sleep disorders in co-occurring PTSD","volume":"20","author":"Colvonen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-015-9617-6","article-title":"The effects of physical activity on sleep: a meta-analytic review","volume":"38","author":"Kredlow","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Behav Med"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.02.008","article-title":"Executive function and PTSD: disengaging from trauma","volume":"62","author":"Aupperle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.23033.1","article-title":"The therapeutic potential of exercise in post-traumatic stress disorder and its underlying mechanisms: a living systematic review of human and non-human studies","volume":"9","author":"Wright","year":"2024","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/rns.2011.017","article-title":"The positive impact of physical activity on cognition during adulthood: a review of underlying mechanisms, evidence and recommendations","volume":"22","author":"Ratey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163037","article-title":"The effect of exercise training on resting concentrations of peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF): a meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Dinoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/s0166-2236(02)02143-4","article-title":"Exercise: a behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity","volume":"25","author":"Cotman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858418810142","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF): novel insights into regulation and genetic variation","volume":"25","author":"Notaras","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci A Rev J bringing neurobiol Neurol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.11.018","article-title":"Intranasal oxytocin as strategy for medication-enhanced psychotherapy of PTSD: salience processing and fear inhibition processes","volume":"40","author":"Koch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2018-0192","article-title":"Exercise and circulating BDNF: mechanisms of release and implications for the design of exercise interventions","volume":"43","author":"Walsh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.04.010","article-title":"Effects of exercise on brain and cognition across age groups and health states","volume":"43","author":"Stillman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.121208.131631","article-title":"Fear extinction as a model for translational neuroscience: ten years of progress","volume":"63","author":"Milad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.01.001","article-title":"Facilitation of fear extinction in phobic participants with a novel cognitive enhancer: a randomized placebo controlled trial of yohimbine augmentation","volume":"23","author":"Powers","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1223006","article-title":"Disruption of reconsolidation erases a fear memory trace in the human amygdala","volume":"337","author":"Agren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2015.1012740","article-title":"Exercise augmentation of exposure therapy for PTSD: rationale and pilot efficacy data","volume":"44","author":"Powers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cogn Behav Ther"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usab497","article-title":"Physical exercise as treatment for PTSD: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"187","author":"Bj\u00f6rkman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2011.09.015","article-title":"Neuroimmunological effects of physical exercise in depression","volume":"26","author":"Eyre","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2016.01.024","article-title":"Physical exercise, reactive oxygen species and neuroprotection","volume":"98","author":"Radak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-004-7386-7","article-title":"Exercise and hormesis: oxidative stress-related adaptation for successful aging","volume":"6","author":"Radak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20140040","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2014.0040","article-title":"Biological mechanisms underlying the role of physical fitness in health and resilience","volume":"4","author":"Silverman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Interface Focus"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.08.002","article-title":"Temporal relations between sleep problems and both traumatic event exposure and PTSD: a critical review of the empirical literature","volume":"24","author":"Babson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1053\/smrv.2000.0110","article-title":"Exercise and sleep","volume":"4","author":"Driver","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181c0ea8c","article-title":"Fitness and exercise as correlates of sleep complaints: is it all in our minds","volume":"42","author":"Gerber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1364387","article-title":"Interrelationship between sleep and exercise: a systematic review","volume":"2017","author":"Dolezal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Prev Med"},{"key":"B80","article-title":"A cross-sectional examination of associated physical health indicators in inpatients with posttraumatic stress disorder","volume-title":"Unsw Sydney","author":"Chen","year":"2019"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.04.005","article-title":"Beneficial effects of physical exercise on neuroplasticity and cognition","volume":"37","author":"H\u00f6tting","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s11556-019-0217-2","article-title":"Functional and\/or structural brain changes in response to resistance exercises and resistance training lead to cognitive improvements - a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Herold","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Rev Aging Phys act Off J Eur Group For Res into Elderly Phys Act"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527313666140612102841","article-title":"Effects of exercise on anxiety and depression disorders: review of meta- analyses and neurobiological mechanisms","volume":"13","author":"Wegner","year":"2014","journal-title":"CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-064758","article-title":"Mind-body exercise interventions for prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1650-x","article-title":"Yoga for posttraumatic stress disorder - a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Cramer","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.10.004","article-title":"Meditation and yoga for posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"58","author":"Gallegos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2310\/jim.0b013e3182906862","article-title":"Mind-body practices for posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"61","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Investig Med"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.02.029","article-title":"Effect of high-intensity interval training exercise on sleep quality in women with probable post-traumatic stress disorder: a pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"129","author":"McGranahan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/t71324-000","article-title":"The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5): development and initial psychometric evaluation in military veterans","volume":"30","author":"Weathers","year":"2018","journal-title":"psychol Assess"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-025-06638-1","article-title":"Group integrated exercise versus recovery class for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"25","author":"Neylan","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1002\/hpja.406","article-title":"An open trial of the RECONNECT exercise program for NSW Police Officers with posttraumatic stress disorder or psychological injury","volume":"33","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Promot J Austr"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16203904","article-title":"Impact of an 8-week exercise and sport intervention on post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, mental health, and physical fitness among male refugees living in a Greek refugee camp","volume":"16","author":"Knappe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.11.002","article-title":"Veterans group exercise: a randomized pilot trial of an integrative exercise program for veterans with posttraumatic stress","volume":"227","author":"Goldstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12371","article-title":"Exercise augmentation compared with usual care for post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"131","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"B95","first-page":"49","article-title":"The effects of an aerobic exercise program on posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity in adolescents","volume":"10","author":"Diaz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Emergency Ment Health"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mhpa.2024.100579","article-title":"High-intensity interval training in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled pilot trial","volume":"26","author":"Schoofs","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ment Health Phys Act"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13996","article-title":"The effect of mindfulness meditation on sleep quality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"1445","author":"Rusch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2014.11.161","article-title":"Physical activity interventions for people with mental illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"75","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.14299","article-title":"Effects of high-intensity interval training on sleep disturbances associated with posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"34","author":"Pieper","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.09.040","article-title":"Physical activity and depression: towards understanding the antidepressant mechanisms of physical activity","volume":"107","author":"Kandola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03601-x","article-title":"The impact of an exercise and sport intervention on cognitive function and pain among forcibly displaced individuals at risk for PTSD: a secondary analysis of the SALEEM randomized controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Knappe","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sports12050138","article-title":"Enjoyment and affective responses to moderate and high-intensity exercise: a randomized controlled trial in individuals with subsyndromal PTSD","volume":"12","author":"Greene","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sports (Bsl Switz)"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103867","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000762672.39028.de","article-title":"Aerobic exercise and consolidation of fear extinction learning among women with posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"142","author":"Crombie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bs10020059","article-title":"Acute physiological responses following a bout of vigorous exercise in military soldiers and first responders with PTSD: an exploratory pilot study","volume":"10","author":"Speer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behav Sci (Bsl Switz)"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2014.916745","article-title":"Aerobic exercise reduces symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"44","author":"Fetzner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cogn Behav Ther"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2024.107106","article-title":"A pilot study of the role of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism in response to exercise-augmented exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"167","author":"Bryant","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2215-0366(22)00368-6","article-title":"Augmenting trauma-focused psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder with brief aerobic exercise in Australia: a randomised clinical trial","volume":"10","author":"Bryant","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2021.2001689","article-title":"Testing the role of aerobic exercise in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in U.S. active duty military personnel: a pilot study","volume":"51","author":"Young-McCaughan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cogn Behav Ther"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002117","article-title":"Trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy and exercise for chronic whiplash with comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"162","author":"Andersen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22549","article-title":"A 12-week integrative exercise program improves self-reported mindfulness and interoceptive awareness in war veterans with posttraumatic stress symptoms","volume":"74","author":"Mehling","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1889239\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T11:29:35Z","timestamp":1787138975000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1889239\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"references-count":110,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1889239"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1889239","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"article-number":"1889239"}}