{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T06:08:19Z","timestamp":1788761299881,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000727","name":"Trinity College, University of Cambridge","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000727","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004350","name":"Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004350","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Virtual reality (VR) has gained traction in psychiatric research in exposure-based interventions for phobias, simulations of hallucinations in psychosis, and adaptations of cognitive-behavioral therapy. These applications demonstrate that emotionally immersive digital environments can meaningfully engage pathological processes in controlled settings. Yet VR\u2019s potential in psychiatry goes beyond providing new contexts for well-established therapeutic interventions. Here, we argue that while emotionally rich, interactive VR scenarios can be leveraged to radically improve translational experimental design in behavioral neuroscience, there are not yet clear conceptual frameworks for the incorporation of these elements. Traditional lab tasks with theoretical implications for therapeutic interventions often rely on abstract procedures that fail to capture the immersive, affective dynamics of real-world maladaptive behaviors. Here, we discuss how high-fidelity VR scenarios simulate complex emotional naturalistic contexts while retaining precise experimental control. We illustrate this drawing on our recent work using high-fidelity, game-engine-based VR scenarios and consider how these environments offer a scalable and accessible platform for large-sample studies, as VR hardware becomes more common in the household. We propose a set of dimensions called the Immersive Behavioral Translation Framework (IBTF) that suggest conceptual considerations for VR in neuroscientific research: (i) The controllability of immersive environments; (ii) features of immersive environments that bridge ecological validity gaps; and (iii) the relatability of these emotionally immersive experiments to clinical conditions in translational research. We illustrate this framework with reference to emerging findings in associative learning and threat sensitivity, while emphasizing the broader implications for rethinking how we study cognition, emotion, and psychopathology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1893646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T05:34:00Z","timestamp":1788759240000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From facing fears to experimental frontiers: immersive cinematic virtual reality environments as a catalyst for innovation in behavioral neuroscience"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Shaira","family":"Berg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge","place":["Cambridge, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas at Austin","place":["Austin, TX, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul C.","family":"Fletcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge","place":["Cambridge, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trevor W.","family":"Robbins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge","place":["Cambridge, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy L.","family":"Milton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge","place":["Cambridge, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17338","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74421-1","article-title":"Assessment of threat and negativity bias in virtual reality","volume":"10","author":"Baker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.09.020","article-title":"Appetitive pavlovian-instrumental transfer: A review","volume":"71","author":"Cartoni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2016.08.001","article-title":"Anxiety and attention to threat: Cognitive mechanisms and treatment with attention bias modification","volume":"87","author":"Mogg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199579563.001.0001","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Psychiatry","author":"Fulford","year":"2013"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2017.02.003","article-title":"Implications of the hierarchical structure of psychopathology for psychiatric neuroimaging","volume":"2","author":"Zald","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry: Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.01.041","article-title":"Cognitive neuroscience treatment research to improve cognition in schizophrenia II: developing imaging biomarkers to enhance treatment development for schizophrenia and related disorders","volume":"70","author":"Carter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry CNTRICS II: Developing Imaging Biomarkers For Schizophr"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)01027-1","article-title":"Translating the basic and clinical cognitive neuroscience of schizophrenia to drug development and clinical trials of antipsychotic medications","volume":"49","author":"Green","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171700040X","article-title":"Virtual reality in the assessment, understanding, and treatment of mental health disorders","volume":"47","author":"Freeman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2022.102213","article-title":"Virtual reality in the diagnostic and therapy for mental disorders: A systematic review","volume":"98","author":"Wiebe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13050890","article-title":"A systematic review of the design of serious games for innovative learning: Augmented reality, virtual reality, or mixed reality","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/43240","article-title":"Adverse effects of virtual and augmented reality interventions in psychiatry: Systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Lundin","year":"2023","journal-title":"JMIR Ment Health"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app12073644","article-title":"Serious games and mixed reality applications for healthcare","volume":"12","author":"Condino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2022.842460","article-title":"Virtual reality exposure therapy for treating social anxiety: A scoping review of treatment designs and adaptation to stuttering","volume":"4","author":"Chard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Digital Health"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-081219-115923","article-title":"Virtual reality therapy in mental health","volume":"17","author":"Emmelkamp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.37034\/medinftech.v3i1.103","article-title":"The role of virtual reality in psychiatric treatment: A literature review","volume":"3","author":"\u015ei\u015fik","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Med Inf Technol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-023-00837-5","article-title":"Virtual reality environment for exposure therapy in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: A validation study","volume":"27","author":"Fajnerov\u00e1","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virtual Reality"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-04402-3","article-title":"Virtual reality exposure and response prevention in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder in patients with contamination subtype in comparison with in vivo exposure therapy: A randomized clinical controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Javaherirenani","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-022-09992-5","article-title":"Exposure and response prevention in virtual reality for patients with contamination-related obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: A case series","volume":"93","author":"Miegel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatr Q"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3138\/jmvfh.2019-0033","article-title":"Using VR-based interventions, wearable technology, and text mining to improve military and veteran mental health","volume":"6","author":"Vermetten","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Military Veteran Family Health"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/pcp.2025.241028","article-title":"Brief manual for multi-modal motion-assisted memory desensitization and reconsolidation therapy for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"35","author":"Vermetten","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-017-0788-4","article-title":"Recent progress in virtual reality exposure therapy for phobias: A systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Botella","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-021-09935-6","article-title":"Virtual reality exposure treatment in phobias: A systematic review","volume":"92","author":"Freitas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatr Q"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1997.6.6.603","article-title":"A framework for immersive virtual environments (FIVE): Speculations on the role of presence in virtual environments","volume":"6","author":"Slater","year":"1997","journal-title":"Presence: Teleoperators Virtual Environments"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9061627","article-title":"UnReal? Investigating the sense of reality and psychotic symptoms with virtual reality","volume":"9","author":"Drori","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40501-025-00350-3","article-title":"Virtual reality for the treatment of positive symptoms of psychosis: A meta-analysis of trials","volume":"12","author":"Spark","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Psychiatry"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s41811-020-00090-7","article-title":"Better, virtually: The past, present, and future of virtual reality cognitive behavior therapy","volume":"14","author":"Lindner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Cogn Ther"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1379541","article-title":"Application of a virtual reality-based cognitive-behavioural therapy of social phobia in the treatment of inpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia and social anxiety \u2013 a feasibility study","volume":"15","author":"Stefaniak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/26736","article-title":"The effectiveness of virtual reality exposure-based cognitive behavioral therapy for severe anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder: Meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"van Loenen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2025.115809","article-title":"Virtual reality in cognitive and affective neuroscience","volume":"496","author":"Andreatta","year":"2026","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2022.896251","article-title":"Naturalistic neuroscience and virtual reality","volume":"16","author":"Thurley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-7-60","article-title":"Classical conditioned responses to absent tones","volume":"7","author":"Bangert","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02114-y","article-title":"Barriers and solutions to the adoption of translational tools for computational psychiatry","volume":"28","author":"Benrimoh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2019.103528","article-title":"Human fear conditioning: From neuroscience to the clinic","volume":"124","author":"Fullana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.02.026","article-title":"Don\u2019t fear \u2018fear conditioning\u2019: Methodological considerations for the design and analysis of studies on human fear acquisition, extinction, and return of fear","volume":"77","author":"Lonsdorf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2017.00063","article-title":"Triggering avoidance: Dissociable influences of aversive Pavlovian conditioned stimuli on human instrumental behavior","volume":"11","author":"Garofalo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-024-03028-1","article-title":"Compulsive avoidance in youths and adults with OCD: An aversive pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer study","volume":"14","author":"Marzuki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1996.tb02114.x","article-title":"Probing picture perception: Activation and emotion","volume":"33","author":"Cuthbert","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2009.01.006","article-title":"Working memory performance after acute exposure to the cold pressor stress in healthy volunteers","volume":"91","author":"Duncko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-007-1019-1","article-title":"Models and mechanisms of anxiety: Evidence from startle studies","volume":"199","author":"Grillon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/02699939508408966","article-title":"Emotion elicitation using films","volume":"9","author":"Gross","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cogn Emotion"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1159\/000119004","article-title":"The \u2019Trier Social Stress Test\u2019\u2014A tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting","volume":"28","author":"Kirschbaum","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2006.03.004","article-title":"The use of an unpleasant sound as an unconditional stimulus in a human aversive pavlovian conditioning procedure","volume":"73","author":"Neumann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2009.12.010","article-title":"Socially evaluated cold pressor stress after instrumental learning favors habits over goal-directed action","volume":"35","author":"Schwabe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-023-02241-y","article-title":"Immersive VR for investigating threat avoidance: The VRthreat toolkit for Unity","volume":"56","author":"Brookes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.14705","article-title":"Using a virtual reality game to train biofeedback-based regulation under stress conditions","volume":"62","author":"Daniel-Watanabe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/SeGAH65397.2025.11168297","article-title":"Game-based biofeedback increases subjective ratings of interoceptive awareness","volume-title":"2025 IEEE Conference on Serious Games and Applications for Health (Segah)","author":"Leung","year":"2025"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lmot.2022.101803","article-title":"Cued fear conditioning in humans using immersive virtual reality","volume":"78","author":"Quezada-Scholz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Learn Motivation"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-025-02630-5","article-title":"The CogLearn Toolkit for Unity: Validating a virtual reality paradigm for human avoidance learning","volume":"57","author":"Rodriguez Lopez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.772","article-title":"Functional cognitive assessment scale (FUCAS): A new scale to assess executive cognitive function in daily life activities in patients with dementia and mild cognitive impairment","volume":"21","author":"Kounti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol - Clin Exp"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610204000808","article-title":"Instruments to assess decision-making capacity: An overview","volume":"16","author":"Vellinga","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatrics"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/114.2.727","article-title":"Deficits in strategy application following frontal lobe damage in man","volume":"114","author":"Shallice","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brain: A J Neurol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15427609.2017.1340050","article-title":"Cognitive performance in adults\u2019 Daily lives: is there a lab-life gap","volume":"14","author":"Bielak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res Hum Dev"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-025-08959-6","article-title":"Empowering Minds through virtual reality: New directions for cognitive and social enhancement in schizophrenia","volume":"45","author":"Dah\u00f2","year":"2026","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1242243","article-title":"Virtual reality-assisted assessment of paranoid ideation in forensic psychiatric inpatients: A mixed-methods pilot study","volume":"14","author":"Hedstr\u00f6m","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112974","article-title":"Transforming treatments for schizophrenia: Virtual reality, brain stimulation and social cognition","volume":"288","author":"Gainsford","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2011.04.003","article-title":"A virtual reality application in role-plays of social skills training for schizophrenia: A randomized, controlled trial","volume":"189","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1022278","article-title":"Virtual-reality-based social cognition and interaction training for patients with schizophrenia: A preliminary efficacy study","volume":"13","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2022.152350","article-title":"Virtual reality-based theory of mind intervention in schizophrenia: Preliminary efficacy results","volume":"119","author":"Vass","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03352.x","article-title":"Looking at pictures: Affective, facial, visceral, and behavioral reactions","volume":"30","author":"Lang","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23808985.2020.1792790","article-title":"Does virtual reality help to cut the gordian knot between ecological validity and experimental control","volume":"44","author":"Kothgassner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Int Communication Assoc"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00660","article-title":"Virtual reality for enhanced ecological validity and experimental control in the clinical, affective and social neurosciences","volume":"9","author":"Parsons","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2024.100082","article-title":"Do realistic avatars make virtual reality better? Examining human-like avatars for VR social interactions","volume":"2","author":"Fraser","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behavior: Artif Humans"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931218621466","article-title":"Stress inducing demands in virtual environments","volume":"62","author":"Finseth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Hum Factors Ergon Soc Annu Meet"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2019.109720","article-title":"Anxiety and threat magnification in subjective and physiological responses of fear of heights induced by virtual reality","volume":"169","author":"Krupi\u0107","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0293536","article-title":"The virtual navigation toolbox: Providing tools for virtual navigation experiments","volume":"18","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2023","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CNT.2014.7062747","article-title":"Determination of stress using Blood Pressure and Galvanic Skin Response","author":"Fernandes","year":"2014","journal-title":"2014 Int Conf Communication Network Technol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CBMS.2013.6627790","article-title":"Stress detection from speech and Galvanic Skin Response signals","author":"Kurniawan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc 26th IEEE Int Symposium Computer-Based Med Syst"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0001425","article-title":"Goal-directed recruitment of Pavlovian biases through selective visual attention","volume-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen","author":"Algermissen","year":"2023"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2013.848320","article-title":"Automatic stress classification with pupil diameter analysis","volume":"30","author":"Pedrotti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Hum-Comput Interact"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2051148","article-title":"Heart rate variability (HRV): An indicator of stress","volume":"9118","author":"Kaur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Independent Component Analyses Compressive Sampling Wavelets Neural Net Biosystems Nanoengineering XII"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2017.08.17","article-title":"Stress and heart rate variability: A meta-analysis and review of the literature","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Invest"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10615806.2019.1648794","article-title":"Associations between heart rate, perceived heart rate, and anxiety during acute psychological stress","volume":"32","author":"Trotman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anxiety Stress Coping"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00353","article-title":"How breath-control can change your life: A systematic review on psycho-physiological correlates of slow breathing","volume":"12","author":"Zaccaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17863\/CAM.118194","article-title":"Investigating maladaptive habit formation and threat influences in obsessive-compulsive disorder","author":"Berg","year":"2025"},{"key":"B75","volume-title":"Hands-Off Interactive Storytelling in Cinematic Virtual Reality","author":"Palma Stade","year":"2021"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app14188192","article-title":"How immersed are you? State of the art of the neurophysiological characterization of embodiment in mixed reality for out-of-the-lab applications","volume":"14","author":"Ronca","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2022.2141002","article-title":"Learned helplessness revisited: Biased evaluation of goals and action potential are major risk factors for emotional disturbance","volume":"36","author":"Scherer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cogn Emotion"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249056","article-title":"Assessing the relationship between the human learned helplessness depression model and anhedonia","volume":"16","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-9964(95)00097-6","article-title":"Latent inhibition in schizophrenia","volume":"20","author":"Swerdlow","year":"1996","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006243","article-title":"Human pavlovian fear conditioning conforms to probabilistic learning","volume":"14","author":"Tzovara","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS Comput Biol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2026.1803377\/abstract","article-title":"Dawn of the Dread: Threatening Virtual Reality Environments Enhance General but not Specific Pavlovian-Instrumental Transfer","volume":"20","author":"Berg","year":"2026","journal-title":"Frontiers"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2016.1149198","article-title":"Stress associated changes in pavlovian-instrumental transfer in humans","volume":"70","author":"Quail","year":"2017","journal-title":"Q J Exp Psychol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2022.11.004","article-title":"The motivational determinants of human action, their neural bases and functional impact in adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"3","author":"Perkes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry: Global Open Sci"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2026.1803377","article-title":"Dawn of the dread: Threatening cinematic virtual reality environments enhance general but not specific pavlovian-instrumental transfer","volume":"20","author":"Berg","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10949968241263353","article-title":"Adoption of virtual reality headsets: the role of metaverse trials for consumers\u2019 Usage and purchase intentions","volume":"60","author":"Hennig-Thurau","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Interactive Marketing"},{"key":"B86","article-title":"\u2018Black mirror\u2019 Duo on the challenges of netflix\u2019s first interactive movie\u2014And why they would do it again","author":"Strause","year":"2019"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/spo.34","article-title":"How to run behavioural experiments online: best practice suggestions for cognitive psychology and neuroscience","volume":"3","author":"Gagn\u00e9","year":"2023","journal-title":"Swiss Psychol Open: Off J Swiss psychol Soc"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.10.04.462750","article-title":"Association between action video game playing experience and visual search in real-life multisensory scenes","volume":"37","author":"Hamzeloo","year":"2021"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children10010086","article-title":"Internet and video games: Causes of behavioral disorders in children and teenagers","volume":"10","author":"L\u00e9rida-Ayala","year":"2023","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-017-0940-0","article-title":"Exploring the relationship between threat-related changes in anxiety, attention focus, and postural control","volume":"83","author":"Johnson","year":"2019","journal-title":"psychol Res"},{"key":"B91","article-title":"MODULATION INFLUENCES OF THE VESTIBULAR SYSTEM PERTURBATION ON THE POSTURAL BALANCE IN PHYSICALLY TRAINED HUMANS","volume":"68","author":"Kolosova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiol J \/ Fiziologichnyi Zhurnal"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/2318\/1\/012002","article-title":"Gender differences in postural stability in a cohort of adolescent age","volume":"2318","author":"Varsha","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Physics: Conf Ser"},{"key":"B93","unstructured":"Get Unity Pro: 2D and 3D Development Platform"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2075798","article-title":"On the usefulness of the concept of presence in virtual reality applications","volume":"9392","author":"Mestre","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eng Reality Virtual Reality 2015"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjop.12305","article-title":"Immersion and the illusion of presence in virtual reality","volume":"109","author":"Slater","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Psychol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1893646\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T05:34:04Z","timestamp":1788759244000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1893646\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"references-count":95,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1893646"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1893646","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"article-number":"1893646"}}