{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T06:30:53Z","timestamp":1786516253536,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Methylphenidate is widely prescribed for the clinical management of pediatric patients with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), yet its safety profile remains a subject of ongoing concern. This study aims to characterize the real-world safety profile of methylphenidate in children and adolescents using the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adverse drug event (ADE) reports for individuals aged 6\u201317 years were extracted from the FAERS database via OpenVigil 2.1. Disproportionality analyses were performed to detect methylphenidate-associated safety signals, including overall signal detection as well as subgroup analyses stratified by gender and dosage form.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From 8,585 reports, methylphenidate-associated adverse drug reaction (ADR) signals involved 16 System Organ Classes (SOCs), most frequently psychiatric disorders; general disorders and administration site conditions; and nervous system disorders. Several potential signals not listed in current drug labels were identified, including abnormal behavior, disturbance in social behavior, and coronary artery dissection. Gender-specific analyses revealed 86 positive signals in males and 90 in females, with 41 male-exclusive and 45 female-exclusive signals. Male-exclusive signals included arrhythmia, coronary artery dissection, and acute myocardial infarction. Female-exclusive signals included tachycardia and application site reactions. Among positive signals detected in both genders, female patients showed higher reporting of application site erythema, agitation, application site pruritus, precocious puberty, and application site discolouration, whereas male patients showed higher reporting of aggression, tics, and growth retardation. Dosage-form-specific analyses showed that the immediate-release formulation was associated with acute, severe signals (e.g., sudden death, syncope). The oral extended-release formulation accounted for the largest number of unique signals (n = 63) in this dataset, although this should be interpreted with caution given differences in reporting volume across formulations. The transdermal patch was predominantly associated with application site reactions (e.g., erythema, pruritus).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study identified overall, gender-, and dosage-form-specific ADR signals for methylphenidate in pediatric patients, including signals not currently listed in drug labels. Distinct ADR signal profiles were observed across gender and dosage-form strata. Individualized pharmacovigilance strategies may be informed by these subgroup-specific ADR signal profiles. These findings contribute to the current understanding of methylphenidate-associated ADE in children and adolescents and warrant further validation in future studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1896696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T05:55:53Z","timestamp":1786514153000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Disproportionality analysis of methylphenidate-associated adverse events in pediatric patients using the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System: overall signals and stratification by gender and dosage form"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zhonglan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Children\u2019s Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Children\u2019s Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Children\u2019s Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Children\u2019s Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Children\u2019s Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yichi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Children\u2019s Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Children\u2019s Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Promoting Safety of Medicines for Children\n          \n          2007"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.677","article-title":"Adverse drug reactions in children: The double\u2010edged sword of therapeutics","volume":"101","author":"Elzagallaai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Pharma Ther"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1455","article-title":"Drugs associated with adverse events in children and adolescents","volume":"34","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-021-00520-y","article-title":"Descriptive analysis of adverse drug reaction reports in children and adolescents from Germany: Frequently reported reactions and suspected drugs","volume":"22","author":"Dubrall","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-2528","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents","volume":"144","author":"Wolraich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0578-1310.2020.03.006","article-title":"Consensus on pediatric clinical practice of early identification, standardized diagnosis and treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"58","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin J Pediatr"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13387","article-title":"European guideline and expert statements on the management of narcolepsy in adults and children","volume":"30","author":"Bassetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn113694-20211228-00934","article-title":"Chinese guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of narcolepsy","volume":"55","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin J Neurol"},{"key":"B9","unstructured":"Drug Label of RITALIN-SR\n          \n          2019"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-010-0140-6","article-title":"European guidelines on managing adverse effects of medication for ADHD","volume":"20","author":"Graham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161061","article-title":"Initiation and persistence of pharmacotherapy for youths with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Taiwan","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30293-1","article-title":"Trends in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder medication use: A retrospective observational study using population-based databases","volume":"5","author":"Raman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.957242","article-title":"ADHD diagnosis and methylphenidate consumption in children and adolescents: A systematic analysis of health databases in France over the period 2010\u20132019","volume":"13","author":"Ponnou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1508732","article-title":"Methylphenidate abuse and misuse in patients affected with a psychiatric disorder and a substance use disorder: A systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Chiappini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjebm-2021-111862","article-title":"Methylphenidate denied access to the WHO List of Essential Medicines for the second time","volume":"28","author":"Pereira Ribeiro","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Evid Based Med"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fda Adverse Event Monitoring System (Aems)\n          \n          2026","DOI":"10.1155\/prm\/8822463"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.clpt.6100082","article-title":"Influence of ethanol and gender on methylphenidate pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics","volume":"81","author":"Patrick","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239257","article-title":"The female side of pharmacotherapy for ADHD\u2014A systematic literature review","volume":"15","author":"Kok","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2113","article-title":"OpenVigil--free eyeballs on AERS pharmacovigilance data","volume":"30","author":"B\u00f6hm","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B20","unstructured":"B\u00f6hm\n              R\n            \n            \n              Klein\n              H-J\n            \n          \n          Openvigil \u2013 Data Quality and Cleansing Procedures\n          \n          2015"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1006-0111.2012.05.018","article-title":"Brief analysis the application of several signal monitoring methods in adverse drug events","volume":"30","author":"Dai","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pharm Pract"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1609409","article-title":"Real-world pharmacovigilance reports of hepatitis A inactivated and hepatitis B (recombinant) vaccine: Insights from disproportionality analysis of the vaccine adverse event reporting system","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.70176","article-title":"Reproductive toxicity induced by serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: A pharmacovigilance analysis from 2004 to 2023 based on the FAERS database","volume":"30","author":"Xi","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-025-00868-5","article-title":"Comparison of serious adverse effects of methylphenidate, atomoxetine and amphetamine in the treatment of ADHD: An adverse event analysis based on the FAERS database","volume":"26","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02799-9","article-title":"Adverse drug reactions: Definitions, diagnosis, and management","volume":"356","author":"Edwards","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2023.2243220","article-title":"Gender differences in adverse events related to Osimertinib: A real-world pharmacovigilance analysis of FDA adverse event reporting system","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"key":"B27","unstructured":"Methylphenidate\n          \n          \n            \n              Verghese\n              C\n            \n            \n              Patel\n              P\n            \n            \n              Abdijadid\n              S\n            \n          \n          StatPearls Publishing\n          Statpearls [Internet]\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-025-04297-6","article-title":"Disproportionality analyses of Tapinarof-related adverse events based on the FAERS database","volume":"317","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-024-01423-7","article-title":"The reporting of a disproportionality analysis for drug safety signal detection using individual case safety reports in pharmacovigilance (READUS-PV): Explanation and elaboration","volume":"47","author":"Fusaroli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k3532","article-title":"The reporting of studies conducted using observational routinely collected health data statement for pharmacoepidemiology (RECORD-PE)","volume":"363","author":"Langan","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2018.07.024","article-title":"Prevalence of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder in children in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2023.512","article-title":"Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder diagnoses and prescriptions in UK primary care, 2000\u20132018: Population-based cohort study","volume":"9","author":"McKechnie","year":"2023","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.1471","article-title":"Twenty-year trends in diagnosed attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder among US children and adolescents, 1997-2016","volume":"1","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11669\/cpj.2024.07.009","article-title":"Literature analysis of treatment emergent adverse events induced by methylphenidate in children","volume":"59","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin Pharm J"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-304170","article-title":"Safety of medicines used for ADHD in children: A review of published prospective clinical trials","volume":"99","author":"Clavenna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Dis Childhood"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43440-025-00763-0","article-title":"Current insights into the safety and adverse effects of methylphenidate in children, adolescents, and adults - Narrative review","volume":"77","author":"Silczuk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rep"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(25)00248-2","article-title":"Psychotic symptoms during pharmacological treatment of ADHD: Clinical considerations and research needs","volume":"13","author":"Cortese","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.21307\/sjcapp-2018-003","article-title":"Hallucinations and other psychotic symptoms in response to methylphenidate in children and adolescents with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A Cochrane systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis#","volume":"6","author":"Ramstad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scandinavian J Child Adolesc Psychiatry Psychol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.09.023","article-title":"Neurological and psychiatric adverse effects of long-term methylphenidate treatment in ADHD: A map of the current evidence","volume":"107","author":"Krinzinger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2008.01.022","article-title":"Practical management of cutaneous reactions to the methylphenidate transdermal system: Recommendations from a dermatology expert panel consensus meeting","volume":"30","author":"Warshaw","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2015.08.033","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, methylphenidate use and the risk of developing schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A nationwide population-based study in Taiwan","volume":"168","author":"Shyu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12091241","article-title":"Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): From abnormal behavior to impairment in synaptic plasticity","volume":"12","author":"Ugarte","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2017.12.010","article-title":"ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors","volume":"82","author":"Azeredo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-021-01729-2","article-title":"Acute myocardial infarction due to spontaneous coronary artery dissection in a 6-year-old boy with ADHD on the third day of treatment with methylphenidate","volume":"31","author":"Stammschulte","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.07.295","article-title":"Spontaneous coronary artery dissection in a patient on methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"222","author":"Mahmood","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.08.004","article-title":"Intravenous methylphenidate: An unusual way to provoke ST-elevation myocardial infarction","volume":"33","author":"Hay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Emergency Med"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2007.06.021","article-title":"Acute myocardial infarction related to methylphenidate for adult attention deficit disorder","volume":"38","author":"Thompson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-002-1340-7","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of methylphenidate in humans are associated with increases of dopamine in brain and of epinephrine in plasma","volume":"166","author":"Volkow","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2023.4294","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder medications and long-term risk of cardiovascular diseases","volume":"81","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-018-1217-x","article-title":"Association of ADHD medications with the risk of cardiovascular diseases: a meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21020","article-title":"Attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases: a nationwide population\u2010based cohort study","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00734.2019","article-title":"Estrogen and calcium handling proteins: new discoveries and mechanisms in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"318","author":"Jiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.307509","article-title":"The importance of biological sex and estrogen in rodent models of cardiovascular health and disease","volume":"118","author":"Blenck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.568203","article-title":"Reciprocality between estrogen biology and calcium signaling in the cardiovascular system","volume":"11","author":"Tran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01294-9","article-title":"Sex differences in methylphenidate-induced dopamine increases in ventral striatum","volume":"27","author":"Manza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15030298","article-title":"A sex- and gender-based analysis of adverse drug reactions: a scoping review of pharmacovigilance databases","volume":"15","author":"Brabete","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4155","article-title":"Influence of age, sex and seriousness on reporting of adverse drug reactions in Sweden","volume":"26","author":"Holm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2019.0050","article-title":"Population-based epidemiology of pediatric patients with treated tic disorders from real-world evidence in Korea","volume":"29","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2021.0047","article-title":"Association between tic aggravation and methylphenidate in youth with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"18","author":"Cha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(23)00042-1","article-title":"Long-term safety of methylphenidate in children and adolescents with ADHD: 2-year outcomes of the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Drugs Use Chronic Effects (ADDUCE) study","volume":"10","author":"Man","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.09.031","article-title":"Long term methylphenidate exposure and growth in children and adolescents with ADHD. A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"120","author":"Carucci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2021.0309","article-title":"A 24-month effects of methylphenidate use on growth in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.12.022","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of central precocious puberty in Korea: an epidemiologic study based on a national database","volume":"208","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12102304","article-title":"ADHD and risk of precocious puberty: considering the impact of MPH","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-022-02028-5","article-title":"New insights into precocious puberty and ADHD: a nationwide cohort study","volume":"92","author":"Pai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frcha.2025.1582502","article-title":"Sex differences in children and adolescents with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a literature review","volume":"4","author":"Dimitri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e3181f0c2f6","article-title":"Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of methylphenidate administered as methylphenidate transdermal system or osmotic-release oral system methylphenidate to children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"30","author":"Pierce","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B68","unstructured":"Drug Label of DAYTRANA\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/PCC.10m00996pur","article-title":"Methylphenidate transdermal system: a multisite, open-label study of dermal reactions in pediatric patients diagnosed with ADHD","volume":"12","author":"Warshaw","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.09040472","article-title":"Sudden death and use of stimulant medications in youths","volume":"166","author":"Gould","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i2550","article-title":"Cardiovascular safety of methylphenidate among children and young people with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): nationwide self controlled case series study","volume":"353","author":"Shin","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200418040-00004","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic considerations in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with methylphenidate","volume":"18","author":"Wolraich","year":"2004","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YIC.0000000000000549","article-title":"Recent updates on treatment patterns in patients with treated attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorders from a nationwide real-world database in South Korea","volume":"39","author":"Cho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-014-0141-y","article-title":"Transdermal therapy for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with the methylphenidate patch (MTS)","volume":"28","author":"Findling","year":"2014","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"B75","unstructured":"FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA Reporting Permanent Skin Color Changes Associated With Use of Daytrana Patch (Methylphenidate Transdermal System) for Treating ADHD\n          \n          2015"},{"key":"B76","unstructured":"FDA Requires Expanded Labeling About Weight Loss Risk in Patients Younger Than 6 Years Taking Extended-Release Stimulants for ADHD\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2025.5792","article-title":"Active comparator new user cohort studies and matching","volume":"186","author":"St\u00fcrmer","year":"2026","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2765","article-title":"The MPRINT Hub Data, Model, Knowledge and Research Coordination Center:\u00a0Bridging the gap in maternal-pediatric therapeutics research through data integration and pharmacometrics","volume":"43","author":"Quinney","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"B79","unstructured":"B\u00f6hm\n              R\n            \n            \n              Klein\n              H-J\n            \n          \n          Openvigil Cave-at Document\n          \n          2014"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13699\/j.cnki.1001-6821.2023.09.024","article-title":"Comparison of data analysis of Food and Drug\u00a0Administration adverse event reporting system based on raw data and OpenVigil 2.1","volume":"39","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.2011.09.2462","article-title":"Single-dose pharmacokinetics of NWP06, an extended-release methylphenidate suspension, in children and adolescents with ADHD","volume":"123","author":"Childress","year":"2011","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1896696\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T05:56:07Z","timestamp":1786514167000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1896696\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"references-count":81,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1896696"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1896696","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"article-number":"1896696"}}