{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T15:45:17Z","timestamp":1782920717413,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Metacognitive deficits are common in schizophrenia (SZ) and may worsen symptoms and impair insight. Oxidative stress (OS) abnormalities have also been reported, but findings are inconsistent, and no study has examined their associations with metacognition and psychopathology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This case-control study included 89 SZ patients and 90 healthy controls (HC). OS markers, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) were measured. The patient group and healthy control group underwent metacognition was assessed using the abbreviated Metacognitive Assessment Scale (MAS-A) and patients\u2019 symptoms with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Covariates included age, gender, education, BMI, and smoking, illness duration, onset age and medication.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Patients showed significantly lower MAS-A total score and subscale scores (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt;\u00a00.01) versus HC. Patients had lower SOD, CAT and GPX (130.69 vs 152.12 ng\/L, 2.46 vs 6.62 ng\/L, 158.09vs 197.75\u03bcmol\/L) and higher MDA (9.22vs 7.34\u03bcmol\/L) than controls (all p &amp;lt; 0.05). Partial correlation revealed that in patients: SOD was negatively correlated with positive\/negative\/PANSS total and MAS-A decentration scores; CAT was negatively correlated with general pathological\/PANSS total scores, and positively correlated with MAS-A total score and its subscales (self-reflectivity, understanding the other\u2019s mind, decentration, mastery), MDA was negatively correlated with negative symptom score and self-reflectivity score, and positively correlated with general pathological score; GPX was positively correlated with most clinical and metacognitive scores. Linear regression revealed SOD, CAT, and GPX significantly associated with the PANSS total score (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0-0.119, -6.169, -0.226; all p &amp;lt; 0.05), and with MAS-A total score (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.021,2.879 0.049, all p &amp;lt; 0.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Schizophrenia patients exhibit OS abnormalities and metacognitive impairments. Greater OS severity correlates with worse metacognition and more severe psychopathology, suggesting OS as a key factor linking these domains.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1899294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T14:54:14Z","timestamp":1782917654000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of oxidative stress, metacognition, and psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia: a case-control study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xiaojuan","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Medical University Affiliated Psychological Hospital","place":["Hefei, China"]},{"name":"Hefei Fourth People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Hefei, 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