{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T16:08:06Z","timestamp":1789056486678,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study examined the psychometric properties of the nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form (IGDS9-SF) in five Latin American countries. The study aimed to: (i) estimate internet gaming disorder (IGD) prevalence; (ii) test cross-national measurement invariance in a high-risk sample; and (iii) evaluate construct validity by testing the impact of removing Item 8 (escapism) in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 10,151\n                      <jats:italic>League of Legends<\/jats:italic>\n                      players aged 18 to 35 years (19.9% female;\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u200b = 20.84 years,\n                      <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a02.9) from Mexico, Colombia, Peru, Chile, and Ecuador completed the IGDS9-SF. General population prevalence was estimated via a weighted estimator. A probable IGD subsample (n = 1,248; 20.1% female;\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 20.3 years,\n                      <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u00a02.9) was used for multigroup confirmatory factor analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The observed rate of probable IGD among recruited players was 12.3%; an exploratory extrapolation to the general population (51.38% regional gamer proportion) yielded 6.32% (95% CI [5.99, 6.65]), with national rates ranging from 4.88% (Chile) to 8.27% (Ecuador). In the probable IGD subsample, metric invariance was supported across countries, whereas scalar and strict invariance were not established. A one-factor model excluding Item 8 and freeing the residual correlation between Items 2 and 3 provided a significantly better structural fit than the original nine-item model. Strict invariance was supported across sex and server. For preferred game mode, metric invariance was supported, but scalar and strict invariance were not established.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The IGDS9-SF appears to be a robust instrument for assessing IGD severity among high-risk Latin American samples, supporting cross-national comparisons at the metric level, and more directly across sex and server. However, the findings identified the \u2018escapism\u2019 criterion (Item 8) as psychometrically weak, challenging its inclusion as a core DSM-5 diagnostic symptom. These results highlight the need to reconsider the conceptualization of IGD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1913038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T15:35:57Z","timestamp":1789054557000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence of internet gaming disorder and measurement invariance of the IGDS9-SF in a high-risk Latin American sample"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"John","family":"Blandon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Research Institute, Institute of Education, University College London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Departamento de Psicolog\u00eda, Universidad de los Andes","place":["Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"]},{"name":"Departamento de Psicolog\u00eda, Universidad de Ibagu\u00e9","place":["Ibagu\u00e9, Colombia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnau","family":"Carmona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de D\u00e9u","place":["Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain"]},{"name":"Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de D\u00e9u","place":["Sant Boi del Llobregat, Spain"]},{"name":"Facultat de Psicologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB)","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianda J.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Psicolog\u00eda, Universidad de Ibagu\u00e9","place":["Ibagu\u00e9, Colombia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Ivern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultat de Psicologia, Ci\u00e8ncies de l'Educaci\u00f3 i de l'Esport (FPCEE) Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Beranuy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad P\u00fablica de Navarra","place":["Pamplona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark D.","family":"Griffiths","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University","place":["Nottingham, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Carbonell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultat de Psicologia, Ci\u00e8ncies de l'Educaci\u00f3 i de l'Esport (FPCEE) Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana X.","family":"Puerta-Cort\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Psicolog\u00eda, Universidad de Ibagu\u00e9","place":["Ibagu\u00e9, Colombia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Demographic Observatory Latin America and the Caribbean 2023: Population Dynamics in Latin America and Their Effects on the Labour Force (LC\/PUB.2023\/26-P)","year":"2024"},{"key":"B2","volume-title":"Newzoo's Global Games Market Report 2023","year":"2024"},{"key":"B3","volume-title":"State of World Population 2023","year":"2023"},{"key":"B4","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"2022"},{"key":"B5","first-page":"13","article-title":"Nosolog\u00eda de las adicciones comportamentales, caracter\u00edsticas cl\u00ednicas fundamentales. 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