{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T06:30:43Z","timestamp":1787725843019,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia (TRS) in males with agitation\/excitement poses a clinical challenge. The pathophysiological mechanisms of agitation\/excitement in Male TRS remain unclear. This study explores these mechanisms and investigates potential biomarkers for agitation\/excitement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>180 Male TRS patients and 100 healthy controls were enrolled. Psychiatric symptoms and agitation\/excitement were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale 5-factor model (PANSS-5F) and the PANSS-Excited Component (PANSS-EC). Patients were divided into Male TRS with agitation\/excitement (n=80) and without agitation\/excitement (n=100). Demographic data and lipid profiles (triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein) were collected for both groups. Statistical analyses assessed the relationship between lipid profiles and agitation\/excitement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A negative correlation was found between total cholesterol (TC) levels and agitation\/excitement in Male TRS. Those with agitation\/excitement had worse educational and marital status and more severe cognitive impairment. TC levels and hypercholesterolemia were higher in Male TRS compared to healthy controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lower TC levels in Male TRS with agitation\/excitement are associated with higher agitation\/excitement risk. TC may be an associated factor for agitation\/excitement in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/chictr.org.cn<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , identifier ChiCTR2200063407.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1917517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T06:03:53Z","timestamp":1787724233000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Agitation\/excitement in male patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia is associated with lower total cholesterol levels"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zhenkuo","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Dongguan Mental Health Center of Southern Medical University (Dongguan Seventh People\u2019s Hospital)","place":["Dongguan, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, The Fifth People\u2019s Hospital of Xiangtan City","place":["Xiangtan, Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Wuhu Hospital of Anding Hospital (The Fourth People\u2019s Hospital of Wuhu)","place":["Wuhu, Anhui, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, Anhui, China"]},{"name":"Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, Anhui, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huanzhong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, Anhui, China"]},{"name":"Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, Anhui, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/jcp.v63n0613g","article-title":"Schizophrenia","volume":"381","author":"Marder","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291714000695","article-title":"Schizophrenia and violent crime: a population-based study","volume":"44","author":"Fleischman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol 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