{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T12:12:31Z","timestamp":1789992751472,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exposure to traumatic experiences is a well-documented risk factor for the development of depressive disorders; however, considerable variability exists in psychological outcomes following trauma exposure, with many individuals demonstrating resilience despite significant adversity. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these divergent trajectories is essential for improving prevention and intervention strategies. This narrative review integrates current empirical evidence on rumination, emotion dysregulation, and self-compassion to propose a cognitive-emotional framework explaining how maladaptive and protective processes may contribute to post-traumatic depression and resilience. The literature examined indicates that maladaptive rumination and difficulties in emotion regulation are consistently associated with elevated depressive symptoms following trauma and may contribute to the persistence of psychological distress through repetitive negative thinking, impaired emotional processing, and reduced adaptive coping. Conversely, self-compassion appears to be associated with lower levels of rumination, improved emotional functioning, and greater resilience. However, the extent to which self-compassion exerts unique effects beyond related processes such as mindfulness, acceptance, and broader emotion regulation capacities remains insufficiently understood. Overall, the available evidence supports a transdiagnostic perspective in which cognitive, emotional, and self-relational processes interact to influence post-traumatic adaptation. Nevertheless, the predominance of cross-sectional designs, reliance on self-report measures, and heterogeneity across trauma populations limit causal interpretations and the definitive identification of underlying mechanisms. Future longitudinal, experimental, and mechanistically informed studies are required to clarify the temporal relationships among these constructs and to determine how targeted interventions may strengthen protective processes while reducing vulnerability to depression following trauma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1919604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T11:38:31Z","timestamp":1789990711000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From trauma exposure to depression or resilience: cognitive-emotional vulnerabilities and protective roles of rumination, emotion dysregulation, and self-compassion"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Lin","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Affairs Department Mental Health Education Center, Harbin Normal University","place":["Harbin, Heilongjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey","volume":"52","author":"Kessler","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291715001981","article-title":"The epidemiology of traumatic event exposure worldwide: results from the World Mental Health Survey Consortium","volume":"46","author":"Benjet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1942-9681.s.1.101","article-title":"Loss, trauma, and human resilience: have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events","volume":"59","author":"Bonanno","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2018.05.008","article-title":"Trajectories of resilience and dysfunction following potential trauma: A review and statistical evaluation","volume":"63","author":"Galatzer-Levy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.11020335","article-title":"Childhood maltreatment predicts unfavorable course of illness and treatment outcome in depression: a meta-analysis","volume":"169","author":"Nanni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2011.01828.x","article-title":"Impact of childhood life events and trauma on the course of depressive and anxiety disorders","volume":"126","author":"Hovens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cpsp.12190","article-title":"Childhood adversities and depression in adulthood: current findings and future directions","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Psychol A Publ Division Clin Psychol Am psychol Assoc"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16065","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.65","article-title":"Major depressive disorder","volume":"2","author":"Otte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v5.25338","article-title":"Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: interdisciplinary perspectives","volume":"5","author":"Southwick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-48572-9_2","article-title":"Ordinary magic. 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