{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T06:18:22Z","timestamp":1787811502750,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals with severe mental illness (SMI), including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, are at increased risk of criminal victimization. However, evidence from Asian populations remains limited. This study examined the prevalence of criminal victimization and its associated sociodemographic and clinical factors among Taiwanese adults with SMI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this cross-sectional study, 798 adults with schizophrenia (39.8%) or bipolar disorder (60.2%) who had received outpatient psychiatric care for at least one year at a medical center in northern Taiwan were recruited. Data on past-year criminal victimization, sociodemographic characteristics, and clinical variables were collected. Depressive symptoms, demoralization, medication adherence, and personal and social functioning were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Demoralization Scale, Medication Adherence Rating Scale, and Personal and Social Performance Scale, respectively. Univariate analyses and multivariable logistic regression were performed to identify factors associated with criminal victimization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 25.1% of participants (n = 200) reported experiencing criminal victimization during the previous year. Living with family members (odds ratio [OR] = 0.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.37\u20130.85, p = 0.004) and a diagnosis of bipolar disorder rather than schizophrenia (OR\u00a0=\u00a00.66, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.45\u20130.98, p = 0.035) were associated with lower odds of victimization. Higher odds were associated with a history of suicide attempts (OR\u00a0=\u00a01.93, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.35\u20132.75, p = 0.001), smoking (OR\u00a0=\u00a01.69, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.18\u20132.43, p = 0.004), criminal history (OR\u00a0=\u00a01.70, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.06\u20132.73, p = 0.029), prior psychiatric hospitalization (OR\u00a0=\u00a01.58, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.15\u20132.18, p = 0.015), and greater depressive symptom severity (OR per one-point increase on the PHQ-9\u00a0=\u00a01.05, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.03\u20131.08, p &amp;lt; 0.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Criminal victimization was common among Taiwanese adults with SMI, affecting one in four participants. Victimization was associated with several potentially modifiable clinical factors, particularly depressive symptoms, prior suicide attempts, and psychiatric hospitalization, while family cohabitation appeared to be protective. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating victimization risk assessment into routine psychiatric care and developing preventive interventions that strengthen family support and address modifiable clinical vulnerabilities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1921017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T05:34:52Z","timestamp":1787808892000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence and correlates of criminal victimization in Taiwanese outpatients with severe mental illness: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Chien-Chi","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, MacKay Memorial Hospital","place":["Taipei, Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical University","place":["New Taipei, Taiwan"]},{"name":"Taiwan Alcohol Abstinence and Addiction Prevention Center","place":["Taipei, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Kai","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, MacKay Memorial Hospital","place":["Taipei, Taiwan"]},{"name":"Taiwan Alcohol Abstinence and Addiction Prevention Center","place":["Taipei, Taiwan"]},{"name":"Institute of Long-Term Care, MacKay Medical University","place":["New Taipei, Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Thanatology and Health Counseling, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences","place":["Taipei, Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Death Care Service, MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management","place":["Taipei, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, MacKay Memorial Hospital","place":["Taipei, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ching-Ho","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, MacKay Memorial Hospital","place":["Taipei, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-I","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, MacKay Memorial Hospital","place":["Taipei, Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical University","place":["New Taipei, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2008.01300.x","article-title":"Severe mental illness and criminal victimization: a systematic review","volume":"119","author":"Maniglio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/ndt.s68321","article-title":"Violent victimization of adult patients with severe mental illness: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Latalova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd009531","article-title":"Collaborative care approaches for people with severe mental illness","volume":"5","author":"Reilly","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1025860919277","article-title":"The history of community mental health treatment and rehabilitation for persons with severe mental illness","volume":"39","author":"Drake","year":"2003","journal-title":"Community Ment Health J"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.202100661","article-title":"Reliability of the term \"Serious Mental Illness\": a systematic review","volume":"73","author":"Gonzales","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2215-0366(20)30262-5","article-title":"Violence and mental disorders: a structured review of associations by individual diagnoses, risk factors, and risk assessment","volume":"8","author":"Whiting","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.8.911","article-title":"Crime victimization in adults with severe mental illness: comparison with the National Crime Victimization Survey","volume":"62","author":"Teplin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244x-13-66","article-title":"A case-linkage study of crime victimisation in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders over a period of deinstitutionalisation","volume":"13","author":"Short","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2005.00717.x","article-title":"Determinants of quality of life in people with severe mental illness","volume":"113","author":"Hansson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s2045796018000537","article-title":"Psychiatric symptoms and risk of victimisation: a population-based study from Southeast London","volume":"28","author":"Bhavsar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291714001962","article-title":"Domestic and sexual violence against patients with severe mental illness","volume":"45","author":"Khalifeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"B12","volume-title":"Criminal Victimization, 1998: Changes 1997-98 With Trends 1993-98","author":"Rennison","year":"1999"},{"key":"B13","article-title":"At risk, yet dismissed: The criminal victimisation of people with mental health problems","author":"Pettitt","year":"2013"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2014.02.003","article-title":"Perceptions and experiences of people with mental illness regarding their interactions with police","volume":"37","author":"Livingston","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Law Psychiatry"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291714001597","article-title":"Demoralization: a systematic review on its clinical characterization","volume":"45","author":"Tecuta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/s44159-024-00386-x","article-title":"Social expectations in depression","volume":"4","author":"Kirchner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Psychol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2020.50","article-title":"Association of prior depressive symptoms and suicide attempts with subsequent victimization: analysis of population-based data from the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey","volume":"63","author":"Bhavsar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-04045-4","article-title":"Violent victimization and revictimization in patients with depressive disorders: context characteristics, disclosure rates, and gender differences","volume":"22","author":"Christ","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20508","article-title":"The impact of crime victimization on quality of life","volume":"23","author":"Hanson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Traumatic Stress"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/00048670701732707","article-title":"Women, catastrophe and mental health","volume":"42","author":"Raphael","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-012-9534-x","article-title":"\u2018Individualism-Collectivism\u2019 as an explanatory device for mental illness stigma","volume":"49","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Community Ment Health J"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s42380-018-0005-y","article-title":"How does individualism-collectivism relate to bullying victimisation","volume":"1","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Bullying Prev"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-020-01033-2","article-title":"Face-saving and depressive symptoms among U.S. Chinese older adults","volume":"22","author":"Kong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immigr Minor Health"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00048670902817737","article-title":"Crime victimization of persons with severe mental illness in Taiwan","volume":"43","author":"Hsu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aust New Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sby020","article-title":"Prevalence rate and risk factors of victimization in adult patients with a psychotic disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"de Vries","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091029","article-title":"Criminal victimisation in people with severe mental illness: a multi-site prevalence and incidence survey in the Netherlands","volume":"9","author":"Kamperman","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-013-9688-1","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of criminal victimization among new admissions to outpatient mental health services in Hawaii","volume":"50","author":"Crisanti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Community Ment Health J"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02696-9","article-title":"Frequency and correlates of violence against patients with schizophrenia living in rural China","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1177\/1043986214552607","article-title":"Lifestyle-routine activities and crime events","volume":"31","author":"McNeeley","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Contemp Criminal Justice"},{"key":"B30","article-title":"US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM), 6th ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office","year":"2006"},{"key":"B31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Graduate school of crime prevention and corrections CPU, Taiwan","volume-title":"Taiwan Crime Victimization Survey","author":"Sheu","year":"2000"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0920-9964(99)00130-9","article-title":"Reliability and validity of a new Medication Adherence Rating Scale (MARS) for the psychoses","volume":"42","author":"Thompson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2010.03.007","article-title":"Compliance and schizophrenia: the predictive potential of insight into illness, symptoms, and side effects","volume":"51","author":"Kao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/082585970402000402","article-title":"The Demoralization Scale: a report of its development and preliminary validation","volume":"20","author":"Kissane","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Palliat Care"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1614.2002.01086.x","article-title":"Demoralization: its phenomenology and importance","volume":"36","author":"Clarke","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-011-1332-4","article-title":"Demoralization syndrome among cancer outpatients in Taiwan","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Supportive Care Cancer"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.18.1737","article-title":"Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study. Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders. Patient Health Questionnaire","volume":"282","author":"Spitzer","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2010.04.013","article-title":"Validation of Patient Health Questionnaire for depression screening among primary care patients in Taiwan","volume":"52","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2000.tb10933.x","article-title":"Development, reliability and acceptability of a new version of the DSM-IV Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS) to assess routine social functioning","volume":"101","author":"Morosini","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/ndt.s88085","article-title":"Psychosocial functioning in schizophrenia: are some symptoms or demographic characteristics predictors across the functioning domains","volume":"11","author":"Suttajit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2013.01.036","article-title":"Validation of the Taiwanese Mandarin version of the Personal and Social Performance scale in a sample of 655 stable schizophrenic patients","volume":"146","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13886","article-title":"Daily drinking is associated with increased mortality","volume":"42","author":"Hartz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"B43","volume-title":"Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0","year":"2017"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260517696856","article-title":"Crime victimization and suicidal ideation among Colombian college students: the role of depressive symptoms, familism, and social support","volume":"35","author":"Zapata Roblyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743720919660","article-title":"The intersection between criminal accusations, victimization, and mental disorders: a Canadian population-based study","volume":"65","author":"Casiano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40865-023-00234-1","article-title":"Exploring the relationships of crime victimization with depression, anxiety, and loneliness in twin families","volume":"9","author":"Gonggrijp","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Dev Life-Course Criminology"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntv287","article-title":"Association of cigarette smoking with interpersonal and self-directed violence in a large community-based sample","volume":"18","author":"Lewis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-930","article-title":"Neighbourhood crime and smoking: the role of objective and perceived crime measures","volume":"11","author":"Shareck","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2014-205115","article-title":"The impact of neighbourhood violence and social cohesion on smoking behaviours among a cohort of smokers in Mexico","volume":"69","author":"Fleischer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1533256x.2016.1146612","article-title":"The relationship between interpersonal violence victimization and smoking behavior across time and by gender","volume":"16","author":"Kristman-Valente","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Soc Work Pract Addict"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854809331793","article-title":"Mental disorder and violent victimization","volume":"36","author":"Teasdale","year":"2009","journal-title":"Criminal Justice Behav"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21428\/cb6ab371.8ea5bfca","article-title":"The contingent effect of guardianship on victimization: An examination of people with and without mental health problems","volume":"36","author":"Teasdale","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2215-0366(19)30180-4","article-title":"Multiple adverse outcomes following first discharge from inpatient psychiatric care: a national cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Walter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.563860","article-title":"Victimization of people with severe mental illness outside and within the mental health care system: Results on prevalence and risk factors from a multicenter study","volume":"11","author":"Rossa-Roccor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2016.1223608","article-title":"Recent physical and sexual violence against adults with severe mental illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Khalifeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.4275","article-title":"Risk of subjection to violence and perpetration of violence in persons with psychiatric disorders in Sweden","volume":"77","author":"Sariaslan","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2023.100781","article-title":"Absolute and relative risk of violent victimisation and perpetration following onset of mental illness: a Danish register-based study","volume":"36","author":"Dean","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Regional Health \u2013 Europe"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.0534","article-title":"Risk of being subjected to crime, including violent crime, after onset of mental illness: a Danish national registry study using police data","volume":"75","author":"Dean","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-2-6","article-title":"Medication adherence levels and differential use of mental-health services in the treatment of schizophrenia","volume":"2","author":"Ascher-Svanum","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbx084","article-title":"Adherence to antipsychotic medication and criminal recidivism in a Canadian provincial offender population","volume":"43","author":"Rezansoff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9758\/cpn.2020.18.4.571","article-title":"Network structures of social functioning domains in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a preliminary study","volume":"18","author":"Ryu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2022.110788","article-title":"Demoralization in suicide: a systematic review","volume":"157","author":"Costanza","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Psychosomatic Res"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1921017\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T05:34:54Z","timestamp":1787808894000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1921017\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"references-count":62,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1921017"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1921017","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"article-number":"1921017"}}