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Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Game escape motivation has been associated with internet gaming disorder (IGD) in previous research, but its role in family-linked associations remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a cross-sectional survey of Chinese senior-high-school students (n = 145) and university students (n = 285), we estimated parallel indirect-association models linking parental warmth to scores on an 11-item study-specific gaming-related symptom index through escape motivation, self-control, and emotional distress. The index was substantially adapted from the Gaming Disorder Scale for Adolescents (GADIS-A) and has not undergone independent validation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Emotional distress statistically accounted for part of the association between parental warmth and index scores in both groups, and an indirect association through self-control was detected in the senior-high-school group. Escape motivation showed positive adjusted coefficients, but no indirect association through escape motivation was detected in either group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings concern scores on an unvalidated study-specific measure, not established IGD symptom severity. The cross-sectional design does not establish temporal mechanisms or developmental differences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1928745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T08:28:37Z","timestamp":1790670517000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cross-sectional correlates and indirect associations linking parental warmth to scores on a study-specific gaming-related symptom index in senior-high-school and university students"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ruoyu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Future Education, Qingdao Hengxing University of Science and Technology","place":["Qingdao, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education, Yunnan University","place":["Kunming, Yunnan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haotian","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Program in Public Health, University of Tsukuba","place":["Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruifeng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Program in Public Health, University of Tsukuba","place":["Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"2013"},{"key":"B2","volume-title":"International Classification of Diseases for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics","year":"2019"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867420962851","article-title":"Global prevalence of gaming disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Stevens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.16020224","article-title":"Internet gaming disorder: Investigating the clinical relevance of a new phenomenon","volume":"174","author":"Przybylski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2022.00053","article-title":"Gaming motivations and gaming disorder symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"B\u00e4cklund","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Behav Addict"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2013.10.059","article-title":"A conceptual and methodological critique of internet addiction research: Towards a model of compensatory internet use","volume":"31","author":"Kardefelt-Winther","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.06.032","article-title":"The Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model for addictive behaviors: Update, generalization to addictive behaviors beyond Internet-use disorders, and specification of the process character of addictive behaviors","volume":"104","author":"Brand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-011-0091-y","article-title":"Why do you play? 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