{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:08:01Z","timestamp":1790140081890,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The incel, or\n                    <jats:italic>involuntary celibate<\/jats:italic>\n                    , phenomenon refers to an online subculture in which predominantly heterosexual men interpret unwanted romantic or sexual non-partnership through narratives of rejection, biological determinism, grievance, and gendered injustice. This Hypothesis and Theory article argues that incel psychology is usefully organized along two interacting dimensions of vulnerability, adapting and broadening a recently proposed dual-pathways model of incel harm. The first dimension is experiential vulnerability: loneliness, social exclusion, bullying, low perceived mate value, depression, anxiety, rejection sensitivity, and poor social support. The second is ideological\u2013dispositional risk: misogynistic grievance, entitlement, dehumanization, narcissistic vulnerability, and fatalistic \u201cblack-pill\u201d beliefs. Whereas the original model was developed to predict harmful attitudes and beliefs, the present framework uses experiential vulnerability and ideological\u2013dispositional risk more broadly to organize incel identification and to specify differential associations with self- and other-directed harm. Online networking is proposed here as a distinct amplifying element. The dimensions may interact, though cross-sectional evidence cannot establish direction. The framework generates three provisional hypotheses concerning differential associations with self-directed harm, other-directed harmful attitudes, and the hypothesized amplifying role of online networking. The article distinguishes involuntary celibacy as a condition, incel identity as a self-label, and incel ideology as a misogynistic, fatalistic worldview. Many self-identified incels experience significant distress and may be at elevated risk for self-directed harm. A subgroup may present elevated outward-directed risk when distress combines with violent ideation, dehumanization, revenge fixation, and online reinforcement. Claims here concern male, heterosexual incel communities, which dominate the empirical literature; female incel (\u201cfemcel\u201d) communities remain under-researched and are not the focus of this article.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1936687","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T04:51:47Z","timestamp":1790139107000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The psychology of incels: a dual-pathways framework for mental health, ideology, and harm"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Changiz","family":"Mohiyeddini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Michael Garron Hospital, Toronto East Health Network","place":["Toronto, ON, Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto","place":["Toronto, ON, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-024-06236-6","article-title":"The incel phenomenon: A systematic scoping review","volume":"43","author":"Aiolfi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/men0000328","article-title":"Taking the black pill\": An empirical analysis of the \u201cincel","volume":"22","author":"Glace","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol Men Masculinities"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-025-03161-y","article-title":"The dual pathways hypothesis of incel harm: A model of harmful attitudes and beliefs among involuntary celibates","volume":"54","author":"Costello","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch Sexual 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