{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T05:57:03Z","timestamp":1790575023320,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Socioeconomic status (SES) is a well-established determinant of child mental health, yet evidence from large preschool populations in western China remains scarce. This study examined the association between family SES and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in preschool children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a cross-sectional survey among 21,366 parent\u2013child dyads recruited from 189 public kindergartens in a western Chinese city using stratified cluster sampling. A composite family SES index was derived from parental occupation, education, and household income through principal component analysis. Child ADHD symptoms were measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) hyperactivity\/inattention subscale. Survey-weighted linear and logistic regression models adjusted for child age, sex, preterm birth, parental smoking and alcohol use, respondent role, and respondent age, with cluster-robust standard errors accounting for kindergarten-level clustering.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher family SES was significantly associated with lower ADHD symptom scores. In the fully adjusted linear model, each 1-SD increase in SES corresponded to a 0.17-point decrease in the SDQ hyperactivity\/inattention score (95% CI: \u20130.18 to \u20130.15, P &amp;lt; 0.001). Logistic regression showed a 27% reduction in the odds of elevated ADHD symptoms per 1-SD increase in SES (OR\u00a0=\u00a00.73, 95% CI: 0.64 to 0.84, P &amp;lt; 0.001). A clear dose\u2013response relationship emerged across SES tertiles (P for trend &amp;lt; 0.001). Stratified analyses demonstrated consistent associations across all subgroups, with no significant effect modification after Bonferroni correction. Multiple imputation and restricted cubic spline analyses confirmed the robustness of these findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher family SES is associated with lower ADHD symptom levels in preschool children from western China, with a clear dose-response relationship. These findings underscore the importance of socioeconomic resources in early childhood mental health and may inform the development of targeted intervention strategies for low-SES families. Longitudinal studies are warranted to establish causality and elucidate underlying mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2026.1943855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T05:43:36Z","timestamp":1790574216000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Family socioeconomic status and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in preschool children: a cross-sectional study of 21,366 parent\u2013child dyads in Yan\u2019an, western China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jiali","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Educational Sciences, Yan\u2019an University","place":["Yan\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Man","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Pharmaceutical Information Center, Shaanxi Institute of Chinese Materia Medica","place":["Xianyang, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jieqiong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Xianyang, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Mi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Xi\u2019an Children\u2019s Hospital, Affiliated Children\u2019s Hospital of Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, National Regional Children\u2019s Medical Center (Northwest)","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Xi\u2019an No. 9 Hospital","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, 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