{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:42:49Z","timestamp":1792086169462,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]],"date-time":"2019-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,18]],"date-time":"2019-02-18T23:19:46Z","timestamp":1550531986000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Mortality Patterns of Toxoplasmosis and Its Comorbidities in Tanzania: A 10-Year Retrospective Hospital-Based Survey"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Leonard E. G.","family":"Mboera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Coleman","family":"Kishamawe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evord","family":"Kimario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan F.","family":"Rumisha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1076\/ocii.10.1.1.10330","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis, an overview with emphasis on ocular involvement","volume":"10","author":"Klaren","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ocular Immunol Inflam."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-777X.83536","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis: a global threat","volume":"3","author":"Furtado","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Glob Infect Dis."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e90203","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090203","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis \u2013 a global threat. Correlation of latent toxoplasmosis with specific disease burden in a set of 88 countries","volume":"9","author":"Flegr","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0505.990502","article-title":"Food-related illness and death in the United States","volume":"5","author":"Mead","year":"1999","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2005.2.221","article-title":"Foodborne infections in France","volume":"2","author":"Vaillant","year":"2005","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-410R","article-title":"First biologic and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from chickens from Africa (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Kenya)","volume":"91","author":"Dubey","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Parasitol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00124-7","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans","volume":"30","author":"Tenter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.04.003","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis snapshots: global status of Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence and implications for pregnancy and congenital toxoplasmosis","volume":"39","author":"Pappas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-11.4.529","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in free living African mammals","volume":"11","author":"Riemann","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2017.194-208","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection in meat animals from Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis of sero-epidemiological studies. Vet World","volume":"10","author":"Tonouhewa","year":"2017"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1179\/136485909X435094","article-title":"Seroprevalence of human infection with Toxoplasma gondii and the associated risk factors, in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria","volume":"103","author":"Kamani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol."},{"key":"B12","unstructured":"Toxoplasmosis: a global infection, so widespread, so neglected6\n            UttahE\n            OgbanE\n            OkonofuaC\n          Int J Sci Res Publ.32013"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.21767\/2386-5180.100017","article-title":"Sero-prevalence and factors associated with Toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant women attending antenatal care in the referral hospital in Tanzania: cross sectional study","volume":"3","author":"Shao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Clin Lab Res."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0901-7","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in animals and humans in Ethiopia","volume":"8","author":"Gebremedhin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites Vect."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2006.11.002","article-title":"Prevalence of latent and reactivated Toxoplasma gondii parasites in HIV-patients from Uganda","volume":"100","author":"Lindstr\u00f6m","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-222","article-title":"Sero-prevalence and factors associated with Toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Mwanza, Tanzania","volume":"6","author":"Mwambe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasites Vect."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1995.52.546","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in pregnant women and their newborns in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","volume":"52","author":"Doehring","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.4314\/thrb.v11i4.50178","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection amongst residents of Tanga district in north-east Tanzania","volume":"11","author":"Swai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tanzania J Health Res."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0505-7","article-title":"High seroprevalence of echinococossis, schistosomiasis and toxoplasmosis among the populations in Babati and Monduli districts, Tanzania. Parasites Vect","volume":"7","author":"Khan","year":"2014"},{"key":"B20","author":"Paul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Toxoplasma gondii Infection Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre in Northern Tanzania"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.03.013","article-title":"Waterborne toxoplasmosis-recent developments","volume":"124","author":"Jones","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16412-X","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis","volume":"363","author":"Montoya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.21035\/ijcnmh.2017.4(Suppl.3).S11","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis and psychosis: environment makes a difference","volume":"4","author":"Georgakopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Clin Neurosci Mental Health"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0287","article-title":"Trends, productivity losses, and associated medical conditions among toxoplasmosis deaths in the United States, 2000\u20132010","volume":"91","author":"Cummings","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18797","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.17.1.18797","article-title":"Disease patterns and causes of death of hospitalized HIV-positive adults in West Africa: a multicountry survey in the antiretroviral treatment era","volume":"17","author":"Lewden","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0205833","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205833","article-title":"Cause-specific mortality patterns among hospital deaths in Tanzania","volume":"13","author":"Mboera","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B27","year":"2013","journal-title":"2012 Population and Housing Census"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22551","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22551","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence estimations, and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in Germany: a representative, cross-sectional, serological study","volume":"6","author":"Wilking","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1017\/S002217240005511X","article-title":"Age-sex distribution of various diseases with particular reference to toxoplasmic lymphadenopathy","volume":"76","author":"Beverly","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Hyg."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268813000903","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection in the Israeli population","volume":"15","author":"Markovich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2043","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002043","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection in Kyrgyzstan: Seroprevalence, risk factor analysis, and estimate of congenital and AIDS-related toxoplasmosis","volume":"7","author":"Minbaeva","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B32","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tanzania HIV\/AIDS and Malaria Indicator Survey 2011\/12"},{"key":"B33","first-page":"225","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in the setting of AIDS","volume-title":"Textbook of AIDS Medicine.","author":"Liesenfeld","year":"1999"},{"key":"B34","first-page":"322","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in the non-AIDS immunocompromised host","volume":"13","author":"Israelski","year":"1993","journal-title":"Curr Clin Topics Infect Dis."},{"key":"B35","first-page":"223","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in the setting of AIDS","volume-title":"Textbook of AIDS Medicine","author":"Wong","year":"1994"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-8467(89)90004-8","article-title":"Cerebral toxoplasmosis in Acquired immune deficiency syndrome","volume":"91","author":"Carrazana","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-005-0017-7","article-title":"Decompressive craniectomy in cerebral toxoplasmosis","volume":"24","author":"Agrawal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.4172\/clinical-practice.1000408","article-title":"Cerebral toxoplasmosis in an HIV negative patient: the first documented case report in Africa and literature review","volume":"15","author":"Katusiime","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Pract."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.4314\/thrb.v16i3.11","article-title":"Prevalence of leptospirosis and toxoplasmosis: a study of rodents and shrews in cultivated and fallow land, Morogoro rural district, Tanzania","volume":"16","author":"Mgode","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tanzania J Health Res."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.5539\/jsd.v9n6p96","article-title":"Nyama choma culture: implications of increased red meat and alcohol consumption in East Africa","volume":"9","author":"Gorski","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Sustain Dev."},{"key":"B41","first-page":"57","article-title":"Preventing congenital toxoplasmosis","volume":"49","author":"Lopez","year":"2000","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/154.4.357","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection in the United States: seroprevalence and risk factors","volume":"154","author":"Jones","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12963-018-0175-3","article-title":"Hospital mortality statistics in Tanzania: availability, accessibility and quality","volume":"16","author":"Mremi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pop Health Met."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00025\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,18]],"date-time":"2019-02-18T23:19:59Z","timestamp":1550531999000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00025\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00025","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]]},"article-number":"25"}}