{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T05:35:45Z","timestamp":1792301745830,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]],"date-time":"2020-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]],"date-time":"2020-07-29T01:03:16Z","timestamp":1595984596000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":277,"title":["COVID-19: A Multidisciplinary Review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Nour","family":"Chams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sana","family":"Chams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reina","family":"Badran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Shams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdallah","family":"Araji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamad","family":"Raad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Mukhopadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edana","family":"Stroberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric J.","family":"Duval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Barton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inaya","family":"Hajj Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0118-9","article-title":"Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses","volume":"17","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","article-title":"A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin","volume":"579","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0820-9","article-title":"The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"26","author":"Andersen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001316","article-title":"Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia","volume":"382","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.45053","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2: an emerging coronavirus that causes a global threat","volume":"16","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci."},{"key":"B7","unstructured":"32264957Report of the WHO-China joint mission on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)2020"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13383","article-title":"The COVID-19 epidemic","volume":"25","author":"Velavan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health."},{"key":"B9","unstructured":"WHO Timeline - COVID-19.2020"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001191","article-title":"First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States","volume":"382","author":"Holshue","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B11","unstructured":"Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic2020"},{"key":"B12","unstructured":"Summary of Probable SARS Cases With Onset of Illness From 1 November 2002 to 31 July 20032020"},{"key":"B13","unstructured":"Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV).2020"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4683","article-title":"Case-fatality rate characteristics of patients dying in relation to COVID-19 in Italy","volume":"323","author":"Onder","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.3390\/v11020174","article-title":"Global epidemiology of bat coronaviruses","volume":"11","author":"Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2169-0","article-title":"Identifying SARS-CoV-2 related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins","volume":"583","author":"Lam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385885-6.00009-2","article-title":"Coronavirus pathogenesis","volume":"81","author":"Weiss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv Virus Res."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe2001126","article-title":"Another decade, another coronavirus","volume":"382","author":"Perlman","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(06)66005-3","article-title":"The molecular biology of coronaviruses","volume":"66","author":"Masters","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv Virus Res."},{"key":"B20","unstructured":"Modes of Transmission of Virus Causing COVID-19: Implications for IPC Precaution Recommendations.2020"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2008457","article-title":"Presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections and transmission in a skilled nursing facility","volume":"382","author":"Arons","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30114-6","article-title":"Asymptomatic cases in a family cluster with SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"20","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2565","article-title":"Presumed asymptomatic carrier transmission of COVID-19","volume":"323","author":"Bai","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2607.200282","article-title":"High contagiousness and rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2","volume":"26","author":"Sanche","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000181633.80269.4c","article-title":"Dynamically modeling SARS and other newly emerging respiratory illnesses: past, present, and future","volume":"16","author":"Bauch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epidemiology."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2017.09.017","article-title":"High reproduction number of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in nosocomial outbreaks: mathematical modelling in Saudi Arabia and South Korea","volume":"99","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000607","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00607-2020","article-title":"Pathogenesis of COVID-19 from a cell biology perspective","volume":"55","author":"Mason","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2007.09.045","article-title":"SARS-CoV replicates in primary human alveolar type II cell cultures but not in type I-like cells","volume":"372","author":"Mossel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virology."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1570","article-title":"Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis","volume":"203","author":"Hamming","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pathol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2020.03.005","article-title":"COVID-19 infection: origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses","volume":"24","author":"Shereen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Adv Res."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.02.017","article-title":"Expression, purification, and characterization of SARS coronavirus RNA polymerase","volume":"335","author":"Cheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virology."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2020.03.001","article-title":"Molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of COVID-19","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pharm Anal"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25685","article-title":"Coronavirus infections and immune responses","volume":"92","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.05015-11","article-title":"Into the eye of the cytokine storm","volume":"76","author":"Tisoncik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105954","article-title":"Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19: interleukin-6 receptor antagonist tocilizumab may be the key to reduce mortality","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.30.20048058","article-title":"Interleukin-6 in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Coomes","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv [Preprint]"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30196-1","article-title":"Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: an observational cohort study","volume":"20","author":"To","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WuF WangA LiuM WangQ ChenJ XiaS Preprint repository nameNeutralizing Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in a COVID-19 Recovered Patient Cohort and Their Implications2020","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3566211"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr2005760","article-title":"Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors in patients with COVID-19","volume":"382","author":"Vaduganathan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.03.026","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and antihypertensives (angiotensin receptor blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors) in coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"95","author":"Sanchis-Gomar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mayo Clinic Proceedings."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4812","article-title":"COVID-19 angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors angiotensin receptor blockers: what is the evidence?","volume":"323","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1624","article-title":"Association of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors with severity or risk of death in patients with hypertension hospitalized for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection in Wuhan, China","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m1313","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1313","article-title":"Drugs and the renin-angiotensin system in covid-19","volume":"369","author":"Aronson","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20200652","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20200652","article-title":"Targeting potential drivers of COVID-19: neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"217","author":"Barnes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqaa062","article-title":"COVID-19 autopsies, Oklahoma, USA.","volume":"153","author":"Barton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101665","article-title":"Mortality of a pregnant patient diagnosed with COVID-19: a case report with clinical, radiological, and histopathological findings","author":"Karami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2020.04.007","article-title":"Complement associated microvascular injury and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 infection: a report of five cases","volume":"220","author":"Magro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Res."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202002.0220.v2","article-title":"Pulmonary pathology of early-phase 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia in two patients with lung acncer","volume":"15","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202003.0311.v1","article-title":"Pathological study of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) through postmortem core biopsies","volume":"33","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30937-5","article-title":"Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19","volume":"395","author":"Varga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30076-X","article-title":"Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.79.4.420","article-title":"Pneumocystis infection masquerading as diffuse alveolar damage: a potential source of diagnostic error","volume":"79","author":"Askin","year":"1981","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-0104","article-title":"Causes and prognosis of diffuse alveolar damage diagnosed on surgical lung biopsy","volume":"132","author":"Parambil","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCPXY17SULQKSWK","article-title":"Pathologic findings in novel influenza A (H1N1) virus (\u201cSwine Flu\u201d) infection: contrasting clinical manifestations and lung pathology in two fatal cases","volume":"133","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqz182","article-title":"Lung biopsy findings in severe pulmonary illness associated with e-cigarette use (vaping)","volume":"153","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1325158","article-title":"Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP): relationship to Hamman-Rich syndrome, diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)","volume":"33","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCP35KOZSAVNQZW","article-title":"Autopsy findings in eight patients with fatal H1N1 influenza","volume":"134","author":"Harms","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China","volume":"382","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2004500","article-title":"Covid-19 in critically ill patients in the Seattle region - case series","volume":"382","author":"Bhatraju","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6775","article-title":"Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City area","volume":"323","author":"Richardson","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa330","article-title":"Self-reported olfactory and taste disorders in SARS-CoV-2 patients: a cross-sectional study","author":"Giacomelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa119","article-title":"Clinical outcome of 55 asymptomatic cases at the time of hospital admission infected with SARS-Coronavirus-2 in Shenzhen, China","volume":"221","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000180","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.10.2000180","article-title":"Estimating the asymptomatic proportion of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases on board the Diamond Princess cruise ship, Yokohama, Japan, 2020","volume":"25","author":"Mizumoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"B65","unstructured":"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).2020"},{"key":"B66","unstructured":"Laboratory Testing for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) In Suspected Human Cases: Interim Guidance, 19 March 2020.2020"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020200343","article-title":"Chest CT for typical 2019-nCoV pneumonia: relationship to negative RT-PCR testing","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.3786","article-title":"Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in different types of clinical specimens","volume":"323","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa344","article-title":"Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients of novel coronavirus disease 2019","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0897-1","article-title":"Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"Long","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.04.009","article-title":"Rapid poist-of-care testing for SARS-CoV-2 in a community screening setting shows low sensitivity","volume":"182","author":"Dohla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.03.041","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"80","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","article-title":"Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"395","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14768","article-title":"Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia","volume":"18","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China","volume":"323","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020200527","article-title":"Essentials for radiologists on COVID-19: an update-radiology scientific expert panel","author":"Kanne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30086-4","article-title":"Radiological findings from 81 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study","volume":"20","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2020.04.001","article-title":"Portable chest X-ray in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19): a pictorial review","volume":"64","author":"Jacobi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical Imaging."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648","article-title":"Characteristics of important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control Prevention","volume":"323","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2019.07.013","article-title":"The stimulation of thrombosis by hypoxia","volume":"181","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thromb Res."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14817","article-title":"Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy","volume":"18","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2020.04.013","article-title":"Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19","volume":"191","author":"Klok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thrombosis Res"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.046702","article-title":"Deep vein thrombosis in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China: prevelance, risk factors, outcome","volume":"142","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation AHA"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa254","article-title":"Acute pulmonary embolism COVID-19 pneumonia: a random association?","volume":"41","author":"Danzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2010419","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of Covid-19 in New York City","volume":"382","author":"Goyal","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6913e2","article-title":"Preliminary estimates of the prevalence of selected underlying health conditions among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 \u2013 United States, February 12-March 28, 2020","volume":"69","author":"Chow","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22831","article-title":"High prevalence of obesity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation","volume":"28","author":"Simonnet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30257-7","article-title":"Likelihood of survival of coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"20","author":"Ruan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B89","unstructured":"32329522The Updates on COVID-19 in Korea as of 5 April.2020"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ciaa237","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa237","article-title":"In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2020.01047","article-title":"Breakthrough: chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies","volume":"14","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosci Trends."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.8630","article-title":"Association of treatment with hydroxychloroquine or azithromycin with in-hospital mortality in patients with COVID-19 in New York state","volume":"323","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"NEJMoa2016638","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa,2016638","article-title":"A randomized trial of hydroxychloroquine as postexposure prophylaxis for Covid-19","author":"Boulware","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B94","unstructured":"Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Revokes Emergency Use Authorization for Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine.2020"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh519","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of macrolides\u2013an underappreciated benefit in the treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections and chronic inflammatory pulmonary conditions?","volume":"55","author":"Amsden","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial","author":"Gautret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2020.03.006","article-title":"No evidence of rapid antiviral clearance or clinical benefit with the combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in patients with severe COVID-19 infection","volume":"50","author":"Molina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Mal Infect."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0282-0","article-title":"Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2007016","article-title":"Compassionate use of remdesivir for patients with severe Covid-19","volume":"382","author":"Grein","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70022-0","article-title":"Treatment and vaccines for severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Groneberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001282","article-title":"A trial of lopinavir-ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe Covid-19","volume":"382","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.5582\/ddt.2020.01012","article-title":"Discovering drugs to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"14","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Discov Ther."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30628-0","article-title":"COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression","volume":"395","author":"Mehta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2013.06.002","article-title":"Nuclear localization of dengue virus (DENV) 1-4 non-structural protein 5; protection against all 4 DENV serotypes by the inhibitor Ivermectin","volume":"99","author":"Tay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104787","article-title":"The FDA-approved drug ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro","volume":"178","author":"Caly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104760","article-title":"The broad spectrum antiviral ivermectin targets the host nuclear transport importin alpha\/beta1 heterodimer","volume":"177","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30317-2","article-title":"Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury","volume":"395","author":"Russell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD004477","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004477.pub3","article-title":"Pharmacological agents for adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Lewis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"B109","unstructured":"HorbyP LimWS EmbersonJ MafhamM BellJ LinsellL 32678530Effect of Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 \u2013 Preliminary Report.2020"},{"key":"B110","unstructured":"WHO Welcomes Preliminary Results About Dexamethasone Use in Treating Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients.2020"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9490","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2004168117","article-title":"Effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy in severe COVID-19 patients","volume":"117","author":"Duan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4783","article-title":"Treatment of 5 critically ill patients with COVID-19 with convalescent plasma","volume":"323","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B113","unstructured":"Investigational COVID-19 convalescent plasma - emergency INDs.2020"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14810","article-title":"ISTH interim guidance on recognition and management of coagulopathy in COVID-19","volume":"18","author":"Thachil","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phanu.2020.100190","article-title":"Intravenous vitamin C for reduction of cytokines storn in acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Boretti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharma Nutr."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.11825","article-title":"Effect of vitamin C","volume":"322","author":"Fowler","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B117","unstructured":"Vitamin C Infusion for the Treatment of Severe 2019-nCoV Infected Pneumonia.2020"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001176","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001176","article-title":"Zn(2+) inhibits coronavirus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity in vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in cell culture","volume":"6","author":"Te Velthuis","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B119","unstructured":"A Study of Hydroxychloroquine, Vitamin C, Vitamin D, and Zinc for the Prevention of COVID-19 Infection (HELPCOVID-19)2020"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109828","article-title":"As a potential treatment of COVID-19: montelukast","volume":"142","author":"Fidan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses."},{"key":"B121","unstructured":"The COVID-19 Symptom Motelukast Trial (COSMO).2020"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/d41573-020-00073-5","article-title":"The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape","volume":"19","author":"Le","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Disc."},{"key":"B123","unstructured":"Safety and Immunogenicity Study of 2019-nCoV Vaccine (mRNA-1273) for Prophylaxis SARS CoV-2 Infection (COVID-19).2020"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6905e1","article-title":"Initial public health response and interim clinical guidance for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak - United States, December 31, 2019-February 4, 2020","volume":"69","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2020.02.034","article-title":"World Health Organization declares global emergency: a review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19)","volume":"76","author":"Sohrabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1097","article-title":"The novel coronavirus originating in Wuhan, China: challenges for global health governance","volume":"323","author":"Phelan","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2025","article-title":"US emergency legal responses to novel coronavirus: balancing public health and civil liberties","volume":"323","author":"Gostin","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B128","unstructured":"Implementation of Mitigation Strategies for Communities With Local COVID-19 Transmission.2020"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FristonKJ ParrT ZeidmanP RaziA FlandinG DaunizeauJ Second Waves, Social Distancing, and the Spread of COVID-19 Across America.2020","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15986.1"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AletaA Martin-CorralD PionttiAP AjelliM LitvinovaM ChinazziM 32511536Modeling the Impact of Social Distancing, Testing, Contact Tracing and Household Quarantine on Second-Wave Scenarios of the COVID-19 Pandemic.2020","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.06.20092841"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e55","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2005118","article-title":"Novel coronavirus and old lessons - preparing the health system for the pandemic","volume":"382","author":"Hick","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00383\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T20:01:40Z","timestamp":1667592100000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00383\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]]},"references-count":131,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00383"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00383","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]]},"article-number":"383"}}