{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T11:19:01Z","timestamp":1788347941245,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014232","name":"Helsedirektoratet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014232","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> For the most important and well-known infections spread by <jats:italic>Ixodes<\/jats:italic> ticks, Lyme borreliosis (LB) and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), there are recommendations for diagnosis and management available from several health authorities and professional medical networks. However, other tick-borne microorganisms with potential to cause human disease are less known and clear recommendations on diagnosis and management are scarce. Therefore, we performed a systematic review of published studies and reviews focusing on evaluation of laboratory methods for clinical diagnosis of human tick-borne diseases (TBDs), other than acute LB and TBE. The specific aim was to evaluate the scientific support for laboratory diagnosis of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, rickettsiosis, neoehrlichiosis, babesiosis, hard tick relapsing fever, tularemia and bartonellosis, as well as tick-borne co-infections and persistent LB in spite of recommended standard antibiotic treatment.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> We performed a systematic literature search in 11 databases for research published from 2007 through 2017, and categorized potentially relevant references according to the predefined infections and study design. An expert group assessed the relevance and eligibility and reviewed the articles according to the QUADAS (diagnostic studies) or AMSTAR (systematic reviews) protocols, respectively. Clinical evaluations of one or several diagnostic tests and systematic reviews were included. Case reports, non-human studies and articles published in other languages than English were excluded.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> A total of 48 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria for evaluation. The majority of these studies were based on small sample sizes. There were no eligible studies for evaluation of tick-borne co-infections or for persistent LB after antibiotic treatment.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> Our findings highlight the need for larger evaluations of laboratory tests using clinical samples from well-defined cases taken at different time-points during the course of the diseases. Since the diseases occur at a relatively low frequency, single-center cross-sectional studies are practically not feasible, but multi-center case control studies could be a way forward.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.580102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T06:43:51Z","timestamp":1632120231000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Laboratory Methods for Detection of Infectious Agents and Serological Response in Humans With Tick-Borne Infections: A Systematic Review of Evaluations Based on Clinical Patient Samples"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Anna J.","family":"Henningsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audun","family":"Aase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herjan","family":"Bavelaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Signe","family":"Flottorp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pia","family":"Forsberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingvild","family":"Kirkehei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matilda","family":"L\u00f6vmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Nilsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dag","family":"Nyman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Ornstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Sj\u00f6wall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbro H.","family":"Skogman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivar","family":"Tjernberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingeborg","family":"Aaberge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03175.x","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis: clinical case definitions for diagnosis and management in Europe","volume":"17","author":"Stanek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2009.02862.x","article-title":"EFNS guidelines on the diagnosis and management of European Lyme neuroborreliosis","volume":"17","author":"Mygland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol."},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"Lyme disease (NICE guideline NG95)2018"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13356","article-title":"EAN consensus review on prevention, diagnosis and management of tick-borne encephalitis","volume":"24","author":"Taba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41562","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), American Academy of Neurology (AAN), and American College of Rheumatology (ACR), 2020 guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of Lyme disease","volume":"73","author":"Lantos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-66","article-title":"Detection and prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Rickettsia Helvetica in Ixodes ricinus ticks in seven study areas in Sweden","volume":"3","author":"Severinsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.07.005","article-title":"Low risk of seroconversion or clinical disease in humans after a bite by an Anaplasma phagocytophilum-infected tick","volume":"6","author":"Henningsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3583-8","article-title":"Anaplasma phagocytophilum evolves in geographical and biotic niches of vertebrates and ticks","volume":"12","author":"Jaarsma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2011.11.003","article-title":"Prevalence of Rickettsia spp., Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Coxiella burnetii in adult Ixodes ricinus ticks from 29 study areas in central and southern Sweden","volume":"3","author":"Wallm\u00e9nius","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.05.016","article-title":"Multiple infections in questing nymphs and adult female Ixodes ricinus ticks collected in a recreational forest in Denmark","volume":"10","author":"Klitgaard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2012.1118","article-title":"Co-infection with \u201cCandidatus Neoehrlichia Mikurensis\u201d and Borrelia afzelii in Ixodes ricinus ticks in southern Sweden","volume":"13","author":"Andersson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.04.005","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis virus, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Borrelia miyamotoi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis in Ixodes ricinus ticks collected from recreational islands in southern Norway","volume":"9","author":"Kjelland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3168-y","article-title":"\u201cCandidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis\u201d in Ixodes ricinus ticks collected near the Arctic Circle in Norway","volume":"11","author":"Larsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.07.016","article-title":"Babesia species in questing Ixodes ricinus, Sweden","volume":"7","author":"Karlsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3131-y","article-title":"Tick-borne pathpgens in Finland: comparison of Ixodes ricinus and I. persulcatus in sympatric and parapatric areas","volume":"11","author":"Laaksonen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4169","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01061-10","article-title":"Prevalence and diversity of Borrelia species in ticks that have bitten humans in Sweden","volume":"48","author":"Wilhelmsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.04.004","article-title":"Borrelia miyamotoi is widespread in Ixodes ricinus ticks in southern Norway","volume":"6","author":"Kjelland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tick Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1449-x","article-title":"Tick-borne bacterial pathogens in southwestern Finland","volume":"9","author":"Sormunen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2012.09.001","article-title":"Presence of an emerging subclone of Francisella tularensis holarctica in Ixodes ricinus ticks from south-western Germany","volume":"4","author":"Gehringer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00089","article-title":"Population genomics of Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica and its implication on the eco-epidemiology of tularemia in Switzerland","volume":"8","author":"Wittwer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2017.11.007","article-title":"Francisella tularensis and other bacteria in hares and ticks in North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany)","volume":"9","author":"Tomaso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.7.2215-2222.1999","article-title":"Detection and identification of Ehrlichia, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, and Bartonella species in Dutch Ixodes ricinus ticks","volume":"37","author":"Schouls","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2006.0587","article-title":"Bartonella henselae in Ixodes ricinus ticks removed from dogs","volume":"7","author":"Podsiadly","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0843-0","article-title":"Babesia spp. and other pathogens in ticks recovered from domestic dogs in Denmark","volume":"8","author":"Stensvold","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530270039029","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory characteristics of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis","volume":"275","author":"Bakken","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B26","first-page":"4200","article-title":"Varying clinical picture and course of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. Twelve Scandinavian cases of the new tick-borne zoonosis are presented","volume":"96","author":"Bjoersdorff","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lakartidningen."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.3109\/00365549209052642","article-title":"First documented case of human babesiosis in Sweden","volume":"24","author":"Uhnoo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1607.091905","article-title":"Fatal babesiosis in man, Finland, 2004","volume":"16","author":"Haapasalo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-017-3220-6","article-title":"Low-virulent Babesia venatorum infection masquerading as hemophagocytic syndrome","volume":"97","author":"Bl\u00e4ckberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Hematol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2018.11.007","article-title":"Human babesiosis","volume":"49","author":"Krause","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61644-X","article-title":"A case of meningoencephalitis by the relapsing fever spirochaete Borrelia miyamotoi in Europe","volume":"382","author":"Hovius","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2209.152034","article-title":"Borrelia miyamotoi-associated neuroborreliosis in immunocompromised person","volume":"22","author":"Boden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02423-09","article-title":"First case of human \u201cCandidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis\u201d infection in a febrile patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"48","author":"Welinder-Olsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)04093-3","article-title":"Association of Rickettsia helvetica with chronic perimyocarditis in sudden cardiac death","volume":"354","author":"Nilsson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1603.090184","article-title":"Rickettsia helvetica in patient with meningitis, Sweden, 2006","volume":"16","author":"Nilsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s100960100463","article-title":"First long-term study ofthe seroresponse to the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis amongresidents of a tick-endemic area of Sweden","volume":"20","author":"Wittesjo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.7.2431-2436.2002","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Babesia infections in humans exposed to ticks in midwestern Germany","volume":"40","author":"Hunfeld","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.10.007","article-title":"High seroprevalence of Babesia antibodies among Borrelia burgdorferi-infected humans in Sweden","volume":"10","author":"Svensson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1002\/nmi2.59","article-title":"High seroprevalence of Borrelia miyamotoi antibodies in forestry workers and individuals suspected of human granulocytic anaplasmosis in the Netherlands","volume":"2","author":"Jahfari","year":"2014","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735.e1-9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.05.014","article-title":"Seroprevalence of seven pathogens transmitted by the Ixodes ricinus tick in forestry workers in France","volume":"22","author":"Rigaud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540510012152","article-title":"Bartonella spp. seroprevalence in healthy Swedish blood donors","volume":"37","author":"McGill","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3072","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00741-14","article-title":"Asymptomatic \u201cCandidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis\u201d infections in immunocompetent humans","volume":"52","author":"Welc-Faleciak","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21209","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2015.20.33.21209","article-title":"Incidence and seroprevalence of tularaemia in Finland, 1995 to 2013: regional epidemics with cyclic pattern","volume":"20","author":"Rossow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540410020776","article-title":"Serological and molecular evidence of rickettsia helvetica in Denmark","volume":"36","author":"Nielsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540701509907","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Rickettsia spp. infection among tick-bitten patients and blood donors in Sweden","volume":"40","author":"Elfving","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/003655401750064130","article-title":"Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis - a clinical case in Scandinavia","volume":"33","author":"Karlsson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.3109\/23744235.2016.1164339","article-title":"Infection with Babesia microti in humans with non-specific symptoms in North East Poland","volume":"48","author":"Moniuszko-Malinowska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Dis."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2409.180806","article-title":"Borrelia miyamotoi disease in an immunocompetent patient, Western Europe","volume":"24","author":"Hoornstra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1710.101474","article-title":"Humans infected with relapsing fever spirochete Borrelia miyamotoi, Russia","volume":"17","author":"Platonov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2510.190416","article-title":"Two cases of Borrelia miyamotoi meningitis, Sweden, 2018","volume":"25","author":"Henningsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2108.150060","article-title":"Infections with candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis and cytokine responses in 2 persons bitten by ticks, Sweden","volume":"21","author":"Grankvist","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2017.05.004","article-title":"Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato detected in the blood of Norwegian patients with erythema migrans","volume":"8","author":"Quarsten","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2017.06.009","article-title":"Five cases of vector-borne Francisella tularensis holarctica infections in south-western Germany","volume":"8","author":"Borde","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0166653","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166653","article-title":"Prevalence of Rickettsia spp. in ticks and serological and clinical outcomes in tick-bitten individuals in Sweden and on the Aland Islands","volume":"11","author":"Lindblom","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00011-06","article-title":"Coinfections acquired from Ixodes ticks","volume":"19","author":"Swanson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1086\/322586","article-title":"Prospective assessment of the etiology of acute febrile illness after a tick-bite in Slovenia","volume":"33","author":"Lotric-Furlan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-014-2134-7","article-title":"Co-infections with Borrelia species, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia spp. in patients with tick-borne encephalitis","volume":"33","author":"Moniuszko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement","volume":"4","author":"Moher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst Rev."},{"key":"B59","volume-title":"Laboratory Diagnosis of Tick-Borne Infections: A Systematic Literature Search With a Sorted Reference List","author":"Kirkehei","year":"2019"},{"key":"B60","unstructured":"World-Class Systematic Review Management2018"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-3-25","article-title":"The development of QUADAS: a tool for the quality assessment of studies of diagnostic accuracy included in systematic reviews","volume":"3","author":"Whiting","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-7-10","article-title":"Development of AMSTAR: a measurement tool to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews","volume":"7","author":"Shea","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3852-6","article-title":"A review of the eco-epidemiology and clinical management of human granulocytic anaplasmosis and its agent in Europe","volume":"12","author":"Matei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.01019.x","article-title":"Guidelines for the diagnosis of tick-borne diseases in Europe","volume":"10","author":"Brouqui","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000298","article-title":"State of the art of diagnosis of rickettsial diseases: the use of blood specimens for diagnosis of scrub typhus, spotted fever group rickettsioses, murine typhus","volume":"29","author":"Paris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1701.100854","article-title":"Identification of rickettsial infections by using cutaneous swab specimens and PCR","volume":"17","author":"Bechah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Inf Dis."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1209039","article-title":"Meningoencephalitis from Borrelia miyamotoi in an immunocompromised patient","volume":"368","author":"Gugliotta","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2008.131761","article-title":"Human infections with Borrelia miyamotoi, Japan","volume":"20","author":"Sato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1800170","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.18.1800170","article-title":"A new Borrelia on the block: Borrelia miyamotoi - a human health risk?","volume":"24","author":"Cutler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2405.170829","article-title":"Dynamics of spirochetemia and early PCR detection of Borrelia miyamotoi","volume":"24","author":"Karan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.586694","article-title":"Borrelia miyamotoi: 43 cases diagnosed in France by real-time PCR in patients with persistent polymorphic signs and symptoms","volume":"7","author":"Franck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Med."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-0333","article-title":"Borrelia miyamotoi disease in the Northeastern United States: a case series","volume":"163","author":"Molloy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.03.009","article-title":"Serodiagnosis of Borrelia miyamotoi disease by measuring anitbodies against GlpQ and variable major proteins","volume":"24","author":"Koetsveld","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00146","article-title":"Ticks and Tularemia: Do We Know What We Don't Know?","volume":"9","author":"Zellner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20956","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.45.20956","article-title":"10 years of surveillance of human tularaemia in France","volume":"19","author":"Mailles","year":"2014","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.13008","article-title":"Two cases of tick-borne transmitted tularemia on Southern Zealand, Denmark","volume":"128","author":"Haulrig","year":"2020","journal-title":"APMI."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02788-09","article-title":"Prevalence of Bartonella henselae and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato DNA in Ixodes ricinus ticks in Europe","volume":"76","author":"Dietrich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl Environment Microbiol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/jvec.12135","article-title":"Bartonella henselae in eastern Poland: the relationship between tick infection rates and the serological response of individuals occupationally exposed to tick bites","volume":"40","author":"Zajac","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vector Ecol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.03.009","article-title":"Detection of Bartonella spp. in Ixodes ricinus ticks and Bartonella seroprevalence in human populations","volume":"7","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1603.090443","article-title":"Bartonella spp. transmission by ticks not established","volume":"16","author":"Telford","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B81","first-page":"271","article-title":"Serological survey in persons occupationally exposed to tick-borne pathogens in cases of co-infections with Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Bartonella spp. and Babesia microti","volume":"19","author":"Chmielewska-Badora","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Agric Environ Med."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-015-7923-0","article-title":"Prevalence and spectrum of residual symptoms in Lyme neuroborreliosis after pharmacological treatment: a systematic review","volume":"263","author":"Dersch","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.4103\/jgid.jgid","article-title":"The persistent Lyme disease: \u201cTre chronic Lyme disease\u201d rather than \u201cPost-treatment Lyme disease syndrome\u201d","volume":"10","author":"Lacout","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Glob Infect Dis."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"w14353","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2016.14353","article-title":"Update of the Swiss guidelines on post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome","volume":"146","author":"Nemeth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1086\/508667","article-title":"The clinical assessment, treatment, and prevention of Lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"43","author":"Wormser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0247384","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247384","article-title":"A comprehensive clinical and laboratory evaluation of 224 patients with persistent symptoms attributed to presumed tick-bite exposure","volume":"16","author":"Nilsson","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2021.580102\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T06:43:56Z","timestamp":1632120236000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2021.580102\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]]},"references-count":86,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2021.580102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2021.580102","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]]},"article-number":"580102"}}