{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T06:24:41Z","timestamp":1775543081484,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Introduction:<\/jats:bold> Rabies is endemic in Vietnam and has been a statutory notifiable infectious disease since 1998. We, herein, assessed the performance of rabies surveillance in Southern Vietnam and identified areas for improvement.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:bold> We analyzed data on human rabies cases reported during 1991\u20132018. We adapted guidelines from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to evaluate attributes of surveillance. Between June and November 2018, we interviewed a total of 145 staff from hospitals, preventive medicine centers, and animal health offices at provincial and district levels in five southern provinces.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Between 2009 and 2018, an average of nine cases of human rabies (range: 4\u201320 cases) was reported annually in Southern Vietnam, representing an incidence of 2.7 cases per 10 million population. The highest incidence was observed in 2018 (5.5 cases per 10 million population). Survey data suggested that only 24% (13\/53) of participants agreed that the monthly report template was easy to complete and that 42% (23\/55) indicated that the change from the paper-based to the electronic case notification systems was easy. Only 7% (2\/29) of human rabies cases were reported timely, and 65% (13\/20) successfully collected specimens. Approximately 39% (56\/144) of staff were aware of turning surveillance data into prevention activities, and 21% (31\/145) witnessed data used for strategic program decision making.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> Although rabies surveillance was quite simple, flexible, and accepted in southern Vietnam, simplifying the report forms, training staff, and improving the timeliness of reporting and data usage are highly recommended for a better implementation of rabies surveillance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.610905","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T06:38:28Z","timestamp":1619678308000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["An Evaluation of the Rabies Surveillance in Southern Vietnam"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Quang Duy","family":"Pham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lan Trong","family":"Phan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thuy Phuong Thi","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Quan Minh Ngoc","family":"Doan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hai Duc","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Quang Chan","family":"Luong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thuong Vu","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"77","article-title":"Human rabies: 2016 updates and call for data","volume":"92","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.06.061","article-title":"Rabies vaccines: WHO position paper, April 2018-recommendations","volume":"36","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"Overview of the ASEAN Rabies Elimination Strategy and its Application in Vietnam2018"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268811002160","article-title":"Evaluation of animal and public health surveillance systems: a systematic review","volume":"140","author":"Drewe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"B5","unstructured":"Updated guidelines for evaluating public health surveillance systems; recommendations from the Guidelines Working Group135\n            GermanRR\n            HoranJM\n            LeeLM\n            MilsteinB\n            PertowskiCA\n          18634202MMWR Recomm Rep502001"},{"key":"B6","unstructured":"World Health OrganizationRabies Vaccines and Immunoglobulins: WHO Position: Summary of 2017 Updates2018"},{"key":"B7","unstructured":"Guideliness on Human Rabies Surveillance and Prevention2014"},{"key":"B8","unstructured":"Molecular epidemiology of rabies virus in Vietnam (2006-2009)3916\n            NguyenAK\n            NguyenDV\n            NgoGC\n            NguyenTT\n            InoueS\n            YamadaA\n          21937820Jpn J Infect Dis642011"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383870","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/383870","article-title":"Human rabies in the WHO Southeast Asia Region: forward steps for elimination","volume":"2011","author":"Gongal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv Prev Med"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.01.030","article-title":"Rabies post-exposure prophylaxis initiation and adherence among patients in Vietnam, 2014-2016","volume":"37","author":"Tran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.02.041","article-title":"Evaluation of Vietnam's post-exposure prophylaxis delivery system, 2017","volume":"37","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2830-x","article-title":"Epidemiological characteristics and post-exposure prophylaxis of human rabies in Chongqing, China, 2007-2016","volume":"18","author":"Qi","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-81","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical features of human rabies cases in Bali 2008-2010","volume":"12","author":"Susilawathi","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvacx.2019.100025","article-title":"Use of photography to identify free-roaming dogs during sight-resight surveys: impacts on estimates of population size and vaccination coverage, Haiti 2016","volume":"2","author":"Cleaton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine X"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00173","article-title":"Validation of application superduplicates (AS) enumeration tool for free-roaming dogs (FRD) in urban settings of Panchkula municipal corporation in North India","volume":"6","author":"Tiwari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B16","unstructured":"Census versus capture-recapture method to estimate dog population in Lumlukka District, Pathum Thani Province, Thailand, 20101520\n            WongphruksasoongV\n            SantayakornS\n            SitthiW\n            ArdkhamB\n            PisekS\n            SrisaiP\n          OSIR J92016"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2409.171851","article-title":"Event-based surveillance at community and healthcare facilities, Vietnam, 2016-2017","volume":"24","author":"Clara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2021.610905\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T06:38:43Z","timestamp":1619678323000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2021.610905\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]},"references-count":17,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2021.610905"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2021.610905","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]},"article-number":"610905"}}