{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T19:53:27Z","timestamp":1785441207660,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread globally, and the government of each affected country is publishing the number of deaths every day. This official figure is an underestimate as it excludes anybody who did not die in a hospital, who did not test positive, who had a false result, or those who recovered on their own without a test.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold> This study aimed to measure the community level excess mortality using health and demographic surveillance in a rural area of Bangladesh.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Method:<\/jats:bold> The study was conducted in Matlab, in a rural area of Bangladesh, with a Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) covering a population of 239,030 individuals living in 54,823 households in 142 villages. We examined the mortality in January-April from 2015 to 2020 and compared the mortality in 2020 with the historical trend of 2015\u20132019. Between 2015 and 2020, we followed 276,868 people until migration or death, whichever occurred first. We analyzed mortality using crude mortality rate ratio (MRR) and adjusted MRR (aMRR) from a Cox proportional hazard model. Mortality was analyzed according to age, sex, and period.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> During follow-up, 3,197 people died. The mortality rate per 1,000 person-years increased from 10 in 2019 to 12 in 2020. Excess mortality was observed among the elderly population (aged 65 years and above). The elderly mortality rate per 1,000 person-years increased from 80 in 2019 to 110 in 2020, and the aMRR was 1.40 (95% CI: 1.19\u20131.64). Although an increasing tendency in mortality was observed between 2015 and 2019, it was statistically insignificant.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> The study reported a 28% increase in excess deaths among the elderly population during the first months of the pandemic. This all-cause mortality estimation at the community level will urge policymakers, public health professionals, and researchers to further investigate the causes of death and the underlying reasons for excess deaths in the older age-group.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.622379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T05:41:05Z","timestamp":1627537265000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Insights Into Excess Mortality During the First Months of the COVID-19 Pandemic From a Rural, Demographic Surveillance Site in Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Syed Manzoor Ahmed","family":"Hanifi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayed Saidul","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjida Siddiqua","family":"Shuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel D.","family":"Reidpath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30079-5","article-title":"Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med."},{"key":"B2","unstructured":"Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Outbreak"},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"NeilsonS\n            WoodwardA\n          A Comprehensive Timeline of the Coronavirus Pandemic at 1 Year, From China's First Case to the Present Online2020"},{"key":"B4","volume-title":"Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV)","year":"2020"},{"key":"B5","unstructured":"WeaverM\n          Timeline of the UK's First Recorded Covid Cases Last Year Online: The Guardian2021"},{"key":"B6","unstructured":"2020"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_2131_20","article-title":"First confirmed case of COVID-19 infection in India: a case report","volume":"151","author":"Andrews","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res."},{"key":"B8","unstructured":"TurakN\n          First Middle East Cases of Coronavirus Confirmed in the UAE Online: CNBC2020"},{"key":"B9","volume-title":"Reuters","year":"2020"},{"key":"B10","article-title":"A Timeline of the Coronavirus Pandemic","volume-title":"The New York Times","author":"Taylor","year":"2021"},{"key":"B11","volume-title":"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)","year":"2020"},{"key":"B12","volume-title":"Arab News","year":"2020"},{"key":"B13","unstructured":"WiysongeCS\n          South Africa's War on COVID-19 Online: Think Global Health2020"},{"key":"B14","unstructured":"PaulR\n          Bangladesh Confirms Its First Three Cases of Coronavirus2020"},{"key":"B15","unstructured":"Labour Migration in Bangladesh Online: ILO"},{"key":"B16","unstructured":"MahmudJ\n            HasanR\n          Migrant Returning: Bangladeshs Sees a Huge Surge in Last Three Weeks Online2020"},{"key":"B17","unstructured":"IOM Reports that 70 per cent of Returning Migrants to Bangladesh Struggle to Find Employment2020"},{"key":"B18","unstructured":"MamunS\n          Coronavirus: Bangladesh Declares Public Holiday From March 26 to April 42020"},{"key":"B19","unstructured":"2020"},{"key":"B20","unstructured":"RitchieH\n            Ortiz-OspinaE\n            BeltekianD\n            MathieuE\n            HasellJ\n            MacdonaldB\n          Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19). 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