{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T01:34:00Z","timestamp":1773797640845,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]],"date-time":"2021-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Since the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been a worldwide pandemic, the early surveillance and public health emergency disposal are considered crucial to curb this emerging infectious disease. However, studies of COVID-19 on this topic in China are relatively few.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    A case-comparison study was conducted using a set of six key time nodes to form a reference framework for evaluating early surveillance and public health emergency disposal between H7N9 avian influenza (2013) in Shanghai and COVID-19 in Wuhan, China.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Findings:<\/jats:bold>\n                    A report to the local Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China, for the first hospitalized patient was sent after 6 and 20 days for H7N9 avian influenza and COVID-19, respectively. In contrast, the pathogen was identified faster in the case of COVID-19 than in the case of H7N9 avian influenza (12 vs. 31 days). The government response to COVID-19 was 10 days later than that to avian influenza. The entire process of early surveillance and public health emergency disposal lasted 5 days longer in COVID-19 than in H7N9 avian influenza (46 vs. 41 days).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The identification of the unknown pathogen improved in China between the outbreaks of avian influenza and COVID-19. The longer emergency disposal period in the case of COVID-19 could be attributed to the government's slower response to the epidemic. Improving public health emergency management could lessen the adverse social effects of emerging infectious diseases and public health crisis in the future.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.629295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]],"date-time":"2021-08-10T02:09:07Z","timestamp":1628561347000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Early Surveillance and Public Health Emergency Responses Between Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Avian Influenza in China: A Case-Comparison Study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Tiantian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ge","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruiming","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30579-0","article-title":"Infectious disease trends in China since the SARS outbreak","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70840-0","article-title":"Surveillance for emerging respiratory viruses","volume":"14","author":"Al-Tawfiq","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"f4730","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f4730","article-title":"Human to human transmission of H7N9","volume":"347","author":"Rudge","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61207-6","article-title":"Human infection with avian influenza A H7N9 virus: an assessment of clinical severity","volume":"382","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14630-2","article-title":"Epidemiology and cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Guangdong, People's Republic of China, in February 2003","volume":"362","author":"Zhong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.01.009","article-title":"The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health - The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China","volume":"91","author":"Hui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B7","unstructured":"28974284Guideline for National Surveillance, Excluding and Management on Unknown Etiology Pneumonia [EQ\/OL]2004"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1111\/twec.12296","article-title":"Assessing regional risks from pandemic influenza: a scenario analysis","volume":"39","author":"Verikios","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Econ"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2017.114","article-title":"A comparison of China's risk communication in response to SARS and H7N9 using principles drawn from international practice","volume":"12","author":"Qiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Disaster Med Public Health Prep."},{"key":"B10","volume-title":"Guideline for National Surveillance, Excluding and Management on Unknown Etiology Pneumonia","year":"2007"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1911.130865","article-title":"Use of national pneumonia surveillance to describe influenza A(H7N9) virus epidemiology, China, 2004\u20132013","volume":"19","author":"Xiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4345-0","article-title":"Lessons from an active surveillance pilot to assess the pneumonia of unknown etiology surveillance system in China, 2016: the need to increase clinician participation in the detection and reporting of emerging respiratory infectious diseases","volume":"1","author":"Xiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"B13","unstructured":"Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005). 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