{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:28:24Z","timestamp":1753892904170,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) is a spectroscopic technique that evaluates the vibrational energy levels of the chemical bonds of molecules within a wavelength range of 750\u20132,500 nm. This simple method acquires spectra that provide qualitative and quantitative data on the chemical components of the biomass of living organisms through the interaction between the electromagnetic waves and the sample. NIRS is an innovative, rapid, and non-destructive technique that can contribute to the differentiation of species based on their chemical phenotypes. Chemical profiles were obtained by NIRS from three snail species (<jats:italic>Biomphalaria glabrata, Biomphalaria straminea<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Biomphalaria tenagophila<\/jats:italic>) that are intermediate hosts of <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic> in Brazil. The correct identification of these species is important from an epidemiological viewpoint, given that each species has distinct biological and physiological characteristics. The present study aimed to develop a chemometric model for the interspecific and intra-specific classification of the three species, focusing on laboratory and field populations. The data were obtained from 271 live animals, including 150 snails recently collected from the field, with the remainder being raised in the laboratory. Populations were sampled at three localities in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro, in the municipalities of Sumidouro (<jats:italic>B. glabrata<\/jats:italic>) and Paracambi (<jats:italic>B. straminea<\/jats:italic>), and the borough of Jacarepagu\u00e1 in the Rio de Janeiro city (<jats:italic>B. tenagophila<\/jats:italic>). The chemometric analysis was run in the Unscrambler\u00ae software. The intra-specific classification of the field and laboratory populations obtained accuracy rates of 72.5% (<jats:italic>B. tenagophila<\/jats:italic>), 77.5% (<jats:italic>B. straminea<\/jats:italic>), and 85.0% (<jats:italic>B. glabrata<\/jats:italic>). The interspecific differentiation had a hit rate of 75% for the field populations and 80% for the laboratory populations. The results indicate chemical and metabolic differences between populations of the same species from the field and the laboratory. The chemical phenotype, which is closely related to the metabolic profile of the snails, varied between environments. Overall, the NIRS technique proved to be a potentially valuable tool for medical malacology, enabling the systematic discrimination of the <jats:italic>Biomphalaria<\/jats:italic> snails that are the intermediate hosts of <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic> in Brazil.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.636206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T07:00:55Z","timestamp":1615532455000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Field Application of NIR Spectroscopy for the Discrimination of the Biomphalaria Species That Are Intermediate Hosts of Schistosoma mansoni in Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Valladares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9lio","family":"Pasquini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvana C.","family":"Thiengo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica A.","family":"Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e9lia C.","family":"Mello-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.7476\/9788575413708","volume-title":"Schistosoma mansoni e Esquistossomose: uma vis\u00e3o multidisciplinar.","author":"Carvalho","year":"2008"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2015.07.004","article-title":"Nacre biomineralisation: a review on the mechanisms of crystal nucleation","volume":"46","author":"Nudelman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-50532003000200006","article-title":"Near infrared spectroscopy: fundamentals practical aspects and analytical applications","volume":"14","author":"Pasquini","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Braz Chem Soc."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2007.03.023","article-title":"A review of near infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics in pharmaceutical Technologies","volume":"44","author":"Roggo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pharm Biomed Anal."},{"volume-title":"Identifica\u00e7\u00e3o Espectrom\u00e9trica de Compostos Org\u00e2nicos","year":"2013","author":"Silvestein","key":"B5"},{"key":"B6","article-title":"NIR and hyperspectral imaging in the diagnosis of the snails intermediate hosts of Schistosomiasis in Brazil","volume-title":"17th International Conference on Near Infrared Spectroscopy","author":"Mello-Silva","year":"2015"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762001000900028","article-title":"Freshwater snails and Schistosomiasis mansoni in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: I - Metropolitan Mesoregion","volume":"96","author":"Thiengo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762002000500004","article-title":"Freshwater snails and Schistosomiasis Mansoni in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: II - Centro Fluminense Mesoregion","volume":"97","author":"Thiengo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz."},{"first-page":"178","volume-title":"Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade. Secretaria de Vigil\u00e2ncia em Sa\u00fade.","year":"2008","key":"B9"},{"key":"B10","first-page":"43","article-title":"Prepara\u00e7\u00e3o dos dados para an\u00e1lise.","volume-title":"Quimiometria: Conceitos, M\u00e9todos e Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es, Vol. 2","author":"Ferreira","year":"2015"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0090657","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090657","article-title":"Using a near-infrared spectrometer to estimate the age of Anopheles mosquitoes exposed to pyrethroids","volume":"9","author":"Sikulu","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0004759","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004759","article-title":"Rapid and nondestructive detection and identification of two strains of wolbachia in Aedes aegypti by nearinfrared spectroscopy","volume":"10","author":"Sikulu-lord","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9590","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27998-7","article-title":"First report on the application of near-infrared spectroscopy to predict the age of Aedes albopictus Skuse","volume":"8","author":"Sikulu-lord","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaat0496","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aat0496","article-title":"Rapid, non-invasive detection of Zika virus in mosquitoes by near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"4","author":"Fernandes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Adv."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/aje.12019","article-title":"Fresh water snails as bioindicator for some heavy metals in the aquatic environment","volume":"51","author":"Mahamoud","year":"2013","journal-title":"Afr J Ecol."},{"key":"B16","first-page":"222","article-title":"Metabolic changes in Biomphalaria glabrata infected with Schistosoma mansoni exposed to latex of Euphorbia milii solution versus times of preparation","volume":"5","author":"Lima","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Nat Prod."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2010.10.007","article-title":"The influence of exposure to Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii latex on the concentrations of total proteins and nitrogen products in Biomphalaria glabrata infected with Schistosoma mansoni.","volume":"117","author":"Mello-Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3350","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-3848-3","article-title":"Cytotoxic and genotoxic effect of oxyfluorfen on hemocytes of Biomphalaria glabrata","volume":"26","author":"Lima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7960","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-04251-w","article-title":"Toxicological impact of oxyfluorfen 24% herbicide on the reproductive system, antioxidant enzymes, and endocrine disruption of Biomphalaria alexandrina (Ehrenberg, 1831) snails","volume":"26","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.08.006","article-title":"The compatibility between Biomphalaria glabrata snails and Schistosoma mansoni: an increasingly complex puzzle","volume":"97","author":"Mitta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1590\/S0303-76572012000100014","article-title":"Os limites da agricultura convencional and as raz\u00f5es de sua persist\u00eancia: estudo do caso de Sumidouro, RJ","volume":"37","author":"Stotz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev Bras Sa\u00fade Ocup."},{"key":"B22","unstructured":"Consumo Intensivo de Agrot\u00f3xicos no Rio de Janeiro Revela Cen\u00e1rio de Intoxica\u00e7\u00f5es \u201cInvis\u00edveis\u201d2016"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227232","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761998000700040","article-title":"Possible hibridization of Brazilian Planorbid snails and its importance in population dynamics","volume":"93","author":"Mello-Silva","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000006831","article-title":"Phylogenetic relationships among Brazilian Biomphalaria species (Mollusca: Planorbidae) based upon analysis of ribossomal ITS2 sequences","volume":"121","author":"Vidigal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasitology."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2016.10.010","article-title":"The influence of Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda, Metastrongylidae) infection on the aerobic metabolism of Biomphalaria straminea and Biomphalaria tenagophila (Mollusca, Gastropoda)","volume":"171","author":"Lima","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.12.078","article-title":"Predicting glycogen concentration in the 368 foot muscle of abalone using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS)","volume":"126","author":"Fluckiger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2021.636206\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T07:01:07Z","timestamp":1615532467000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2021.636206\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"references-count":26,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2021.636206"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2021.636206","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2296-2565"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"article-number":"636206"}}