{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T18:04:05Z","timestamp":1793642645365,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic progressed globally, school closures and home quarantine may cause an increase in problematic Internet use among students in universities. Such a traumatic stress event may also contribute to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depressive, and anxiety symptoms. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of PTSD, depressive, and anxiety symptoms as well as the predictive role of problematic Internet use in the above-mentioned psychological problems in university students.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> A cross-sectional study was conducted through an online survey of 8,879 students in China between April 20 and April 26, 2020. The presence of PTSD, depressive, and anxiety symptoms and problematic Internet use were evaluated using PTSD Checklist for DSM-5, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression 9-item scale, the generalized anxiety disorder 7-item scale, and the Young diagnostic questionnaire, respectively. Sociodemographic information and the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) toward COVID-19 data were also collected.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> A total of 4,834 (54.4%) participants were female, and 7,564 (85.2%) were undergraduate students. A total of 615 students (6.9%) reported PTSD symptoms; 5.2% (465) and 10.1% (896) reported moderate to severe depressive and anxiety symptoms, respectively. The problematic Internet use was significantly associated with higher risk of PTSD, depressive, and anxiety symptoms (odds ratio 2.662 [95% CI, 2.239\u20133.165], odds ratio 4.582 [95% CI, 3.753\u20135.611], odds ratio 3.251 [95% CI, 2.814\u20133.757], respectively; all <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001). Lower attitude and practice scores also contributed to the risk of depressive, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> Psychological problems should be paid more attention, and problematic Internet use may be a predictor when screening high-risk students for psychological problems. Our results will aid in timely psychological screening, which is meaningful in the prevention and intervention of psychological problems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.675380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T05:00:25Z","timestamp":1623733225000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Problematic Internet Use Was Associated With Psychological Problems Among University Students During COVID-19 Outbreak in China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Xinyan","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaiheng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zihao","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiajia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heng","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranran","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Statement on the Second Meeting of the International Health Regulations 2005 Emergency Committee Regarding the Outbreak of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV)2020"},{"key":"B2","unstructured":"COVID-19 Educational Disruption and Response2020"},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"Overview of Educational Achievements in China in 20192020"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19867","DOI":"10.2196\/19867","article-title":"Pediatric mental and behavioral health in the period of quarantine and social distancing with COVID-19","volume":"3","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR Pediatr Parent."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1007.030703","article-title":"SARS control and psychological effects of quarantine, Toronto, Canada","volume":"10","author":"Hawryluck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H60","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.881836","article-title":"Predictors of symptoms of posttraumatic stress in Chinese university students during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2009.60.11.1532","article-title":"Achieving recognition that mental health is part of the mission of CDC","volume":"60","author":"Safran","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112921","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID-19 outbreak in China hardest-hit areas: gender differences matter","volume":"287","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiat Res."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.05.040","article-title":"Mental health consequences during the initial stage of the 2020 coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) in Spain","volume":"87","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Sanguino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.028","article-title":"A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China","volume":"87","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19009","DOI":"10.2196\/19009","article-title":"Mental health, risk factors, and social media use during the COVID-19 epidemic and cordon sanitaire among the community and health professionals in Wuhan, China: cross-sectional survey","volume":"7","author":"Ni","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR Ment Health."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.055","article-title":"Is returning to work during the COVID-19 pandemic stressful? A study on immediate mental health status and psychoneuroimmunity prevention measures of Chinese workforce","volume":"87","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e924609","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.924609","article-title":"Comparison of prevalence and associated factors of anxiety and depression among people affected by versus people unaffected by quarantine during the COVID-19 epidemic in Southwestern China","volume":"26","author":"Lei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.05.061","article-title":"Depression and anxiety among adolescents during COVID-19: a cross-sectional study","volume":"88","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-020-09744-3","article-title":"The effect of COVID-19 on youth mental health","volume":"91","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiat Quart."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22817","DOI":"10.2196\/22817","article-title":"Investigating mental health of US College students during the COVID-19 pandemic: cross-sectional survey study","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.12122\/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.02.06","article-title":"Mental health status and its influencing factors among college students during the epidemic of COVID-19","volume":"40","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.05.009","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of PTSD and depressive symptoms one month after the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic in a sample of home-quarantined Chinese university students","volume":"274","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Affect Disorders."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2009.03.001","article-title":"Long-term psychiatric morbidities among SARS survivors","volume":"31","author":"Mak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiat."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717000708","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder in the World Mental Health Surveys","volume":"47","author":"Koenen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01256","article-title":"Internet addiction: coping styles, expectancies, and treatment implications","volume":"5","author":"Brand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-14-183","article-title":"The association between internet addiction and psychiatric co-morbidity: a meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Ho","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.03.061","article-title":"Problematic social media use and depressive symptoms among U.S. young adults: A nationally-representative study","volume":"182","author":"Shensa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.6.2017.026","article-title":"The longitudinal association between anxiety and internet addiction in adolescence: the moderating effect of classroom extraversion","volume":"6","author":"Stavropoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Behav Addict."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1080\/10640260701454311","article-title":"Eating disorders, trauma, and comorbidity: focus on PTSD","volume":"15","author":"Brewerton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eat Disord."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2008.05.008","article-title":"Can emotion-focused coping help explain the link between posttraumatic stress disorder severity and triggers for substance use in young adults?","volume":"36","author":"Staiger","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2004.11.004","article-title":"Pre- and postnatal depression and coping: a comparative approach","volume":"85","author":"de Tychey","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Affect Disorders."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02526.x","article-title":"Substance use and misuse in the aftermath of terrorism. A Bayesian meta-analysis","volume":"104","author":"DiMaggio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.08.019","article-title":"PTSD symptom presentation among people with alcohol and drug use disorders: comparisons by substance of abuse","volume":"76","author":"Dworkin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addict Behav."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.4306\/pi.2017.14.6.871","article-title":"Relationship between problematic internet use and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among students following the sewol ferry disaster in South Korea","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiat Invest."},{"key":"B31","unstructured":"Public Health Implications of Excessive Use of the Internet, Computers, Smartphones and Similar Electronic Devices: Meeting Report, Main Meeting Hall, Foundation for Promotion of Cancer Research, National Cancer Research Centre, Tokyo, Japan, 27-29 August 20142020"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2027491","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.27491","article-title":"Association of social support during adolescence with depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation in young adults","volume":"3","author":"Scardera","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"key":"B33","unstructured":"FuX\n            ZhangL\n          Report on National Mental Health Development in China 2019-20202020"},{"key":"B34","unstructured":"Chinese University Students Health Research Report in 20202020"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15897","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72998-1","article-title":"Prevalence of depression among Chinese university students: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201800332","article-title":"Increased rates of mental health service utilization by U.S. college students: 10-year population-level trends 2007\u20132017","volume":"70","author":"Lipson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e33","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.8947","article-title":"Gender differences in and the relationships between social anxiety and problematic internet use: canonical analysis","volume":"20","author":"Baloglu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15403","DOI":"10.2196\/preprints.15403","article-title":"Associations of electronic device use before and after sleep with psychological distress among chinese adults in Hong Kong: cross-sectional study","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR Ment Health."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e231924","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3541120","article-title":"Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"15","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1111\/aphw.12226","article-title":"Social media use and mental health during the covid-19 pandemic: moderator role of disaster stressor and mediator role of negative affect","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl Psychol Health Well-Being."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00751","article-title":"Internet addiction and related psychological factors among children and adolescents in China during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic","volume":"11","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.05.080","article-title":"COVID-19 anxiety symptoms associated with problematic smartphone use severity in Chinese adults","volume":"274","author":"Elhai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B43","unstructured":"What Is PTSD?2020"},{"key":"B44","volume-title":"Rating Scales for Children's Developmental Behavior and Mental Health","author":"Yang","year":"2016"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22059","article-title":"The posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): development and initial psychometric evaluation","volume":"28","author":"Blevins","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2014.03.008","article-title":"The underlying dimensions of DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in an epidemiological sample of Chinese earthquake survivors","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.3760\/CMA.J.ISSN.1674-6554.2013.12.023","article-title":"A short Chinese version of center for epidemiologic studies depression scale","volume":"22","author":"He","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chinese J Behav Med Brain Sci."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.05.080","article-title":"The role of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and school functioning in the association between peer victimization and internet addiction: a moderated mediation model","volume":"256","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.049","article-title":"A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"88","author":"Chew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn121094-20200219-00063","article-title":"Mental health survey of medical staff in a tertiary infectious disease hospital for COVID-19","volume":"38","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1989.tb05262.x","article-title":"Importance of high response rates in traumatic stress research","volume":"355","author":"Weisaeth","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268807009156","article-title":"Understanding, compliance and psychological impact of the SARS quarantine experience","volume":"136","author":"Reynolds","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect."},{"key":"B54","first-page":"47","article-title":"Psychosocial impacts of quarantine during disease outbreaks and interventions that may help to relieve strain","volume":"122","author":"Johal","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Z Med J."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2020.102066","article-title":"COVID-19 and mental health: a review of the existing literature","volume":"52","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112934","article-title":"The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China","volume":"287","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiat Res."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113020","article-title":"The psychological impact of COVID-19 on medical students","volume":"288","author":"Ullah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiat Res."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6603","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17186603","article-title":"Prevalence of anxiety in medical students during the covid-19 pandemic: a rapid systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Lasheras","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S273333","article-title":"Increased levels of anxiety among medical and non-medical university students during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Arab Emirates","volume":"13","author":"Saddik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc Policy."},{"key":"B60","unstructured":"The 45th China Statistical Report on Internet Development2020"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.3390\/bs5030388","article-title":"Neuroscience of internet pornography addiction: a review and update","volume":"5","author":"Love","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav Sci."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(94)90110-4","article-title":"Substance abuse and post-traumatic stress disorder comorbidity","volume":"35","author":"Brown","year":"1994","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depen."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2016.05.006","article-title":"Substance abuse and trauma","volume":"25","author":"Simmons","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Adol Psych Cl."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015","article-title":"Adverse physiological and psychological effects of screen time on children and adolescents: literature review and case study","volume":"164","author":"Lissak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Res."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2007.02.002","article-title":"The comorbid psychiatric symptoms of internet addiction: Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), depression, social phobia, and hostility","volume":"41","author":"Yen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Adolescent Health."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2009.0071","article-title":"Quality of interpersonal relationships and problematic internet use in adolescence","volume":"12","author":"Milani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2003.08.001","article-title":"Treating child abuse-related posttraumatic stress and comorbid substance abuse in adolescents","volume":"27","author":"Cohen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Child Abuse Neglect."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.1041","article-title":"A preliminary study of peritraumatic dissociation, social support, and coping in relation to posttraumatic stress symptoms for a parent's cancer","volume":"15","author":"Wong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychooncology."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.16835\/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.04.022","article-title":"Analysis of mental health and influencing factors of college students in the online learning period during the outbreak of COVID-19","volume":"42","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin J Sch Health."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1521\/suli.35.1.106.59262","article-title":"Gender differences in predictors of suicidal thoughts and attempts among homeless veterans that abuse substances","volume":"35","author":"Benda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Suicide Life Threat Behav."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.3200\/GENP.133.4.357-374","article-title":"Possible contributors to the gender differences in alcohol use and problems","volume":"133","author":"Nolen-Hoeksema","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Gen Psychol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.11.009","article-title":"Trauma-related risk factors for substance abuse among male versus female young adults","volume":"34","author":"Danielson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addict Behav."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23926","article-title":"Gender differences in neural correlates of stress-induced anxiety","volume":"95","author":"Seo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.08.067","article-title":"The role of sex, gender, and education on depressive symptoms among young adults in the United States","volume":"189","author":"Gibson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329172000392X.","article-title":"A repeated cross-sectional survey assessing university students' stress, depression, anxiety, and suicidality in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland","author":"Debowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1002\/ijop.12092","article-title":"State test-anxiety, selective attention and concentration in university students","volume":"50","author":"Fernandez-Castillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Psychol."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1002.030750","article-title":"Fear and stigma: the epidemic within the SARS outbreak","volume":"10","author":"Person","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2020.00009","article-title":"Relationship between problematic internet use and age at initial weekly internet use","volume":"9","author":"Nakayama","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Behav Addict."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852917000037","article-title":"Problematic internet use in gamblers: impact on clinical and cognitive measures","volume":"22","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2017","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20200214.","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of pathological internet use and online risky behaviors among Japanese elementary school children","author":"Yamada","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Epidemiol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abrep.2016.10.001","article-title":"Internet use and problematic internet use among adolescents in Japan: a nationwide representative survey","volume":"4","author":"Mihara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addict Behav Rep."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.06.032","article-title":"The Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model for addictive behaviors: update, generalization to addictive behaviors beyond internet-use disorders, and specification of the process character of addictive behaviors","volume":"104","author":"Brand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30168-1","article-title":"Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science","volume":"7","author":"Holmes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiat."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2021.675380\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T05:00:35Z","timestamp":1623733235000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2021.675380\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]]},"references-count":83,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2021.675380"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2021.675380","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]]},"article-number":"675380"}}