{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T20:07:21Z","timestamp":1787170041759,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000102","name":"Health Resources and Services Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000102","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Community Health Workers (CHWs) are becoming essential members of the HIV workforce as emerging evidence demonstrates their effectiveness in engaging people with HIV into care and treatment. In 2018, among the estimated 37,000 persons who received an HIV diagnosis, the majority were from racial ethnic minority communities. CHWs serve as a bridge between the community and health care system and have the potential to address structural inequities and reduce the stigma, discrimination and other barriers that prevent people with HIV from seeking and staying in care and treatment. Effective CHW integration into the HIV primary care team requires a training and supervision system that is culturally responsive to the complex social and medical needs of people with HIV. This article describes a comprehensive training approach and curricula for CHWs and supervisors and its impact on the health care team. Grounded in a Popular Education model and using the CHW core consensus competency (C3) framework, a team of experts in HIV, training and supervision, including CHWs working in HIV care and treatment developed an 80-h CHW and 20-h supervisor curricula. The trainings were delivered via in-person and virtual sessions over the course of 2 years. Using a mixed method evaluation, 23 CHWs and 22 supervisors across 10 clinic sites in eight states participated in the training sessions. Measures included knowledge and confidence related to HIV-specific content, supporting clients with managing stigma and discrimination, ability to communicate with other team members and helping clients navigate the services system. CHWs reported improved skills with documentation in the electronic health record, helping clients with treatment adherence challenges and educating on lab results. Supervisors reported learning strategies for assigning clients to CHWs, self-care techniques, providing strengths-based feedback, and mentoring and coaching. The participatory practice-based curricula allowed supervisors and CHWs to share experiences and solicit input from peers for problem resolution and implementation of new policies and practices. This training approach focused on HIV specific content with core competency training could serve as a model for CHWs working in primary care settings and with populations experiencing multiple chronic health conditions and social needs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.689798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T01:26:38Z","timestamp":1627608398000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["A Participatory Curricula for Community Health Workers and Supervisors to Increase HIV Health Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Serena","family":"Rajabiun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allyson","family":"Baughman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marena","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beth","family":"Poteet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Downes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo Ann Whitlock","family":"Davich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Precious","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"LaTrischa","family":"Miles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mari-Lynn","family":"Drainoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmitt Maurice","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara S.","family":"Bachman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Sprague Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"2019"},{"key":"B2","unstructured":"Washington, DCHIV National Strategic Plan for the United States: A Roadmap to End the Epidemic 2021\u2013202021"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1080\/15381501.2020.1785364","article-title":"Integrating community health workers into HIV care teams: Impact on HIV care outcomes","volume":"19","author":"Drainoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"J HIV\/AIDS & Social Services"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2927","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-013-0440-1","article-title":"Using community health workers to improve clinical outcomes among people living with HIV: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"17","author":"Kenya","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0194928","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194928","article-title":"Community health worker interventions to promote psychosocial outcomes among people living with HIV\u2014A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS ONE"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2010.0081","article-title":"Community health workers: part of the solution","volume":"29","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health Affairs"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2009.08.011","article-title":"Role development of community health workers: an examination of selection and training processes in the intervention literature","volume":"37","author":"O'Brien","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Prevent Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300386","article-title":"Community health workers can be a public health force for change in the United States: three actions for a new paradigm","volume":"101","author":"Balcazar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.31478\/202003c","volume-title":"Supervision strategies and community health worker effectiveness in health care settings","author":"Brown","year":"2020"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-018-0304-x","article-title":"What do we know about community-based health worker programs? 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