{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T05:32:16Z","timestamp":1792733536843,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aims to provide a risk assessment of the adverse reactions related to the COVID-19 vaccines manufactured by AstraZeneca, Janssen, Moderna, and Pfizer-BioNTech which have been in use in the European Union and the United States between December 2020 and October 2021.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data from the European Database of Suspected Adverse Drug Reaction (EudraVigilance) and the Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS) from 2020 to October 2021 are analysed. More than 7.8 million adverse reactions of about 1.6 million persons are included. The adverse reactions are classified with the Common Toxicity Criteria (CTC) categories. COVID-19 vaccine exposures and adverse reactions reported between December 2020 and October 2021 are compared to influenza vaccine exposures and adverse reactions reported between 2020 and 2021. The population-level vaccine exposures to COVID-19 and influenza vaccines comprised about 451 million and 437 million exposures, respectively. Absolute and relative risk estimates are calculated by CTC categories and COVID-19 vaccines for the EU and US populations aged 18 years and older.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A higher risk of reporting serious adverse reactions was observed for the COVID-19 vaccines in comparison to the influenza vaccines. Individuals age 65 and older were associated with a higher frequency of death, hospitalisations, and life-threatening reactions than younger individuals (relative risk estimates between 1.49 99% CI [1.44\u20131.55] and 8.61 99% CI [8.02\u20139.23]). Outcome onset of serious adverse reactions occurred within the first 7 days after vaccination in about 77.6\u201389.1% of cases. The largest absolute risks were observed for allergic, constitutional reactions, dermatological, gastrointestinal, neurological reactions, and localised and non-localised pain. The largest relative risks between COVID-19 vs. influenza vaccines were observed for allergic reactions, arrhythmia, general cardiovascular events, coagulation, haemorrhages, gastrointestinal, ocular, sexual organs reactions, and thrombosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study provides an overview of adverse reactions frequently reported to the pharmacovigilance systems following COVID-19 vaccination in the EU and US populations. Despite the limitations of passive reporting systems, these results may inform further clinical research investigating in more detail the pathophysiological mechanisms potentially associated with the COVID-19 vaccines.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.756633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T05:12:14Z","timestamp":1643865134000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Frequency and Associations of Adverse Reactions of COVID-19 Vaccines Reported to Pharmacovigilance Systems in the European Union and the United States"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Diego","family":"Montano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine Emergency Use Authorization","year":""},{"key":"B2","volume-title":"Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine Emergency Use Authorization","year":""},{"key":"B3","volume-title":"Commission Implementing Decision of 6.1.2021 Granting a Conditional Marketing Authorisation Under Regulation (EC) No 726\/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council for \u201cCOVID-19 Vaccine Moderna - COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine (Nucleoside Modified),\u201d a Medicinal Product for Human Use","year":""},{"key":"B4","volume-title":"Commission Implementing Decision of 21.12.2020 Granting a Conditional Marketing Authorisation Under Regulation (EC) No 726\/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council for \u201cComirnaty - COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine (Nucleoside Modified),\u201d a Medicinal Product for Human Use","year":""},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2017.243","article-title":"mRNA vaccines \u2014 a new era in vaccinology","volume":"17","author":"Pardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Disc."},{"key":"B6","volume-title":"Fact Sheet for Healthcare Providers Administering Vaccine. 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